
nfl "K». '-■••• 

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 

— - 

©{pp. -... ©apijrigJjt f a 



UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 



v^ PRICE, SO CENTS. 



Flesh. 



•w* 



Milk. 



• •• 



Health* 



W -y^fr «fr* «%* ^WW W W^^g^jP W w ^ 5^^585^%? WW W^W W$ 

The F. E. Sai)borr) Corjtpa^t), 

OMAHA, NEB., U. S. A. 



plesl?. 



AV'K- 



Health 



A TREATISE FOR THE 

pp aetieal Stock ^aiseF and tDaipy Farmep 

ON THE 

production of plesl?; 

production of f(\\\\{', 

prevention and Qure of Disease . 



by THH p. E. SA^BO^ COJVLPANV, 
,4- OJWAflfl, u. S. fl. 

'ktf ■ 

REVISED EDITION. 



COPYRIGHT 1892, 

By F» H. Sanborn. 



OMAHA 
HEES PRINTING CO 
1892 



3MPANY W *^ 



UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. 



LINCOLN, May 4, 1889. 
THE F. E. SANBORN COMPANY, 

Omaha, Nebraska. 
Gentlemen: 

1 hare examined a sample of the Standard Horse and Cattle 

Food and find that it does not contain any mineral matter whatever, 

except a small percentage of sulphur and common salt. 

Very respectfully, 

(signed) H. H. NICHOLSON, 

Professor of Chemistry. 



Iowa College of Science, Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 



AMES, IOWA, July 18, 1892. 
To Whom it May Concern: 

This is to certify that I have chemically examined a sample of 

Standard Horse and Cattle Food, put up by THE F. E. SANBORN 

COMPANY, of Omaha, Nebraska, and I find that it contains no 

poisonous or harmful mineral or organic substances whatever. The 

substances composing this mixture are those that excite a healthful 

appetite in domestic animals, and are promoters of good digestion 

and assimilation. (sfgned) A. A. BENNETT, 

Professor of Chemistry. 



/TANDARD HORSE AND CATTLE FOOD is entirely free from 
arsenic, antimony or any other poisonous drug. It contains no 
mineral whatever, except one per cent, sulphur and three per cent, 
common salt. We will pay $500 and the- cost of analysis for the 
detection of any other mineral in its formation. 

THE F, E. §ANB0RN COMPANY, 

Qj^afca, July 1 8, JL892 



PREFACE. 



(JjjrHE PROFIT IS IN THE FOOD, and to him belongs 
the credit who can, in the feeding and management of 
live stock, most fully utilize that profit. The great need 
of the farmer of to-day is not so much fine-spun theories 
as a general knowledge of the sound principles which underlie 
the practical feeding and management of our domestic animals. 
The purpose of this book is to furnish to the farmer and 
stock raiser, in a popular form, not only reliable information 
and advice regarding the general management and feeding of 
horses, cattle and all farm animals, and in preventing the dis- 
eases to which they are commonly subject, but it is to show to 
them, in as fair and candid a manner as possible, the advantage 
in security from disease, as well as the profit to be secured from 
the use of Standard Horse and Cattle Food. In the body of 
this work we have said much upon the prevention of diseases 
among live stock, but not too much, by any means; for, were 
space not so limited, we could still say more, and continue to 
give the farmer advice which he could follow with profit. 

The methods by which the greatest results may be secured 
from the feeding of a given amount of fodder have received, 
within the past two decades, almost universal recognition among 
practical feeders. Experiments, based upon scientific research, 
have established the fact that the feeding of a ration to farm 
animals, properly adapted to their needs and containing a 
proper proportion of nutrients necessary to the maintenance of 
the body so that no one kind will be overbalanced by another, 
is the proper method of feeding to prevent waste. "We have 

included a table of analysis of feeding stuffs showing the nutri- 

s 



4 PREFACE. 

tive qualities contained in a large amount of the fodders com- 
monly used in this country, and have endeavored to show by 
theoretical application the means by which the farmer may 
avail himself of the information contained in it to his profit, 
whether it be in feeding working animals or those intended for 
the market or dairy. 

The importance of maintaining a good appetite and securing 
thorough digestion and assimiliation have been quite fully 
treated; for it is in these respects that the farmer certainly 
needs assistance. 

The special attention of the stock feeder has been directed 
to the ill-advised practice of feeding animals intended for the 
dairy or for the market a ration but little more than sufficient 
to maintain their existence. 

That part of the book embracing the treatment of diseases 
has been directed by a thoroughly competent and experienced 
veterinarian, and in no case has any treatment been advised 
which is not endorsed by the highest authorities. 

We trust that our efforts will meet with that recognition 
which we believe our honesty of purpose merits. If they do, 
we will be satisfied. Very respectfully, 

THE F. E. SANBORN COMPANY. 
Omaha, Nebraska, July 5, 1892. 



INTRODUCTION. 



UR FARM ANIMALS, representing the investment of 
millions of wealth, are kept with two principal objects 
in view — labor and profit. It is, therefore, of the most 
vital importance that the food consumed should produce 
the best results in the direction for which it is intended ; also 
that their general care and management be such as will insure 
their health and fullest development. 

That the proper care of our domestic animals, which con- 
tribute so much to our comfort and necessities, is often times 
neglected, and many times misunderstood, none will deny. 
This statement will gather strength when we reflect upon the 
abuses of the natural laws governing the care of these same 
domestic animals, otherwise designated live stock. 

Perhaps there is no pursuit which is surer of success, when 
well understood and practically followed, than that of farming 
and stock-raising. On the contrary, if but partially understood 
and indifferently followed, the best laid plans are too often 
attended by disappointment and disaster. 

It costs the farmer no more to keep a good animal than a 
poor one. The only profitable condition is a good condition; 
and the farmer and stock raiser will consult his own best 
interests by keeping his live stock constantly in the highest 
state of thrift and health. Keep the animals constantly in good 
condition ought therefore to be the motto of every farmer. It 
is the great secret of their success, and the difference between 
success and failure turns upon it. 

The organ of first importance is the stomach; for it is here 
that the food undergoes those changes which transform fodder 
into flesh, milk or energy. A good appetite, vigorous diges- 
tion and thorough assimilation must all be secured, in order that 
the animal may reach its highest degree of profit or usefulness. 

In feeding animals for profit a certain amount of food is 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

required to maintain their existence. This much is outlay- 
without any returns. All that is consumed in excess of this 
amount means profit. It is, therefore, of first importance that 
the appetite of the animal be developed to the highest capacity, 
in order that it may' consume the greatest amount possible in 
excess of what is required as the food of support. When this 
increase in appetite is satisfied with properly selected food, and 
is followed by good digestion and assimilation, the highest 
condition of profitableness of the animal may be secured 

The blood is the colored fluid which circulates through 
every part of the body, by means of the arteries and veins, car- 
rying nourishment which it derives from the food taken into 
the digestive organs. It is also the channel through which all 
the effete and worn out matter is carried from the system. 

When we consider that the blood is the primary source of 
all vitality, we can readily understand the importance of its 
being properly supplied with nourishment. This nourishment 
can only be secured through the agency of the stomach, which 
in its turn must be supplied with proper food in proper quan- 
tities. 

Impure blood is the most prolific of all sources of disease, 
and is due chiefly to impaired circulation, or improper nourish- 
ment, or both. Defective circulation among live stock is due 
principally to the blood being thickened by a heat producing 
diet, or by a debilitated condition of the general system. It is 
not hard to understand the result of feeding stock month after 
month with corn, which, from its heat producing tendencies, 
creates an impaired circulation, thereby hindering the blood in 
its great work of purifying the system. 

The intelligent use of Standard Horse and Cattle Food, 
when accompanied by proper feed in proper quantities, not only 
thoroughly regulates the condition of the blood, but strengthens 
and invigorates the digestive organs, and enables the animal to 
secure the greatest possible amount of nutriment from all the 
food consumed. 



FEEDING STOCK TO PRODUCE FLESH. 

VERY intelligent reader and thinker who has studied the 
history of stock raising and stock feeding, for the past 
quarter of a century, has been astonished at the progress 
made in this great industry. The slipshod methods of 
former years have been swept aside, and science has been called 
to the aid of the farmer. Weights and measures have taken 
the place of guesswork, the thoroughbred has supplanted the 
scrub, and order and prosperity reign in the domain of the hus- 
bandman. 

Whilst nearly every farmer has his own peculiar methods, 
and these methods may differ widely from those of his neigh- 
bors, yet the great body of feeders and farmers are moving 
forward along the same line, and keeping pace with the spirit 
of progress which characterizes the age in which we live. 

Conditions and methods have changed as the years have 
gone by; the vast grazing grounds of the western states have 
gone forever; the prices of hay and grain increase with the 
seasons, and the stock raiser of to-day, who will not acquaint 
himself with the results of investigation and experience, and 
profit by the lessons which they teach, will find himself dis- 
tanced by his more progressive neighbor. 

The methods which found favor twenty-five years ago were 
good in their way, and the times and conditions which then 
prevailed allowed them to be successful; but they will not do 
now; the farmer of to-day cannot do as his father did, and hope 
to reap the same reward. 

It costs more to raise stock under present conditions than 
it formerly did, and, as our agriculture becomes more intense, 
this cost will increase. Our rich prairie soil, which now seems 
inexhaustible, will become less and less fertile by continued 
cropping, and a rapidly increasing population will necessitate a 



8 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

greater subdivision of the lands. All of this means an increase 
in the cost of farm products, as well as a rise in the price of 
land itself. The legitimate result of these conditions should be 
a more systematic method of cultivating the soil, and a more 
careful husbanding of all the waste materials. In no branch of 
practical farming should this apply with so much force as in 
stock raising. 

Agricultural colleges and experimental stations have been 
established for the purpose of securing reliable data to be used 
as a basis of operations by the practical stock feeder; in short, 
to find ways and means by which this greatest of industries 
may secure to its promoters the largest profits possible. 

While these experiments furnish reliable knowledge upon 
this subject, each individual stock feeder must think out for 
himself the manner of applying this knowledge to his personal 
needs. All of the materials which go to make up the most 
approved rations may not be at his command; he must learn 
to utilize to the best advantage those feed stuffs which he can 
raise or procure the most economically. If he would succeed, 
he must not only consider the proper kind but also the cost of 
the different feed stuffs. Profit must be the basis of all success- 
ful stock feeding. 

Nature of the Animal Body. 

Science has enlightened us upon the workings of the animal 
organism, and, while there are many things about it which we do 
not understand, yet the knowledge we possess enables us to act 
very intelligently with regard to its nourishment and care. We 
know that it is built up by the digestion and assimilation of the 
food; we also know that much depends upon the character of 
that food, as regards the results attained; but it remains for 
chemical analysis to give us the constituent elements of the 
body, and the nutritive qualities found in feed stuffs. 

By comparison we find that certain feed stuffs supply 
nourishment to particular portions of the body, when digested 
aud assimilated, whilst other kinds of feed stuffs perform a sim- 
ilar office for other parts of the body. From these facts, it will 



NATURE OF THE ANIMAL BODY. 9 

be seen that the body can be sustained and increased by a 
judicious selection of those feed stuffs which most fully supply 
its proper nourishment. 

The animal body can be reduced to four substances, namely, 
protein (lean flesh), fat, water and ash. These are the sub- 
stances which the food must supply. The condition of the ani- 
mal depends upon their relative proportion in the body. The 
amount of water in the body varies from forty to sixty per 
cent, of the live weight. The fundamental elements of which 
the body is built up are, therefore, lean flesh, fat, water and ash. 
They are not created or altered by the body. They must be 
furnished by the food, and when furnished in the proper form 
the body has the power to extract from it its proper nourish- 
ment. 

Nature of Food Materials. 

Providence has been very generous to the brute creation, 
as well as to man himself; she has provided for their every 
want. The intimate relationship between plant and animal 
life is marvelous to contemplate. The two are equally depend- 
ent one upon the other. The growing plant gives off oxygen, 
which, when taken into the lungs, helps to sustain the life of the 
animal; while the carbonic acid gas thrown off from the lungs 
forms nourishment for the plant. The animal fed upon the 
products of the vegetable world dies, and its body returns to 
the elements from which it sprung; thus the great phenomenon 
of nature goes on. 

Feed stuffs are composed substantially of the same elements 
and in the same combinations as those found in the body. The 
protein, carbohydrates, etc., are found in varying quantities in 
plants, some containing more, and others less, of the nourish- 
ing elements. One plant or grain may be especially rich in 
protein, and another contain a surplus of carbohydrates. No 
one plant contains all of the elements necessaiy to sustain life 
for a protracted, period, hence the necessity of a mixed ration 
in order to secure perfect sustenance. This leads us to the 
interesting subject of selection of feed stuffs, so as to secure as 



10 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

nearly as possible a proper and profitable ration for our ani- 
mals. 

Selection of Feed Stuffs at Hand. 

The farmer and stock feeder will not always find upon his 
farm, or economically within his reach, all of the feed stuffs 
which the most approved ration may require. His duty, as 
well as profit, lies in making the most economical use of the 
materials at his command. He should carefully study the rel- 
ative value as a feed stuff of every plant produced upon his 
farm, compare their, digestibility, and, by reference to the table 
of plant and grain analysis, select the most economical combin- 
ations possible. In other words, he should select such a ration 
as will most perfectly answer the purpose he has in view, 
whether it be a ration for maintenance only, for work animals, 
or one which is expected to fit animals for market. His calcu- 
lations must take into account the materials at hand, their par- 
ticular properties, and their comparative digestibility, as well 
as their cost. He must not for a moment lose sight of the real 
object of feeding cattle or hogs for the market, namel}', profit; 
nor should he neglect, in the least, the details of his business; 
for it is the little things which make up the great results of 
successful business in this, as well as in any other, calling. 

The accompanying table, which covers a wide range of 
materials, many of which are available to the practical farmer, 
will be found of great value in selecting a proper food ration: 



TABLE OF ANALYSIS OF FEEDING STUFFS. 



11 



Fodders. 



HAY, STRAW. 



Com fodder, field cured 

Clover hay 

Timothy hay 

Mixed grasses 

Oat Btraw 

Eye straw 

Wheat straw 

Timothy and redtop 

Barley hay, seed in milk 

Oat hay, seed in milk 

Maize stover 



GREEN FODDERS. 



Pasture grass.... 
Corn ensilage ... 
Clover ensilage. 

Maize fodder 

Sorghum 

Rye fodder 

Clover 



GRAIN AND SEEDS. 

Barley. 

Oats 

Rye 

Wheat 

Dent corn 

Flint corn 

Sweet corn 

Western corn 

Millet 

Buckwheat 

Field bean 

Flax seed 

Rape seed 

Hemp seed 

Pumpkins 

Peas 

Cotton-seed meal 



ROOTS AND TUBERS. 

Mangolds 

Rutabagas 

Turnips 

Potatoes 

Artichokes 

Sweet potatoes 

BY-PRODUCTS. 

Brewers' grains 

Sunflower cake 

Malt sprouts 

Oilmeal, old process 

Oilmeal, new process 

Rye bran 

Wheat bran, roller mill 

Wheat bran, old process 

Wheat shorts 

Wheat middlings 

Corn and cobmeal 



Per cent, of 
Water and Ash 



32.1 
12.6 
11.1 
15.5 

9.6 
11.1 

G.5 
12.36 
10.25 

9.15 
19.56 



80.00 
80.50 
76.30 
80.98 
76.08 
75.28 
73.33 



10.9 
10.9 
11.6 
10.5 
10.10 
11.00 
8.82 
19.10 
14.00 
14.00 
14.5 
12.3 
11.8 
12.2 
89.1 
13.2 



91.8 
87.1 
88.9 
78.5 
80.0 
69.7 



75.0 
10.3 
10.3 
9.2 
10.7 
11.5 
12.0 
12.0 
12.7 
12.0 



4.3 

6.1 

4.1 

4.7 

5.2 

5.4 

7.0 

4.80 

4.44 

6.48 

5.79 



2.00 
1.30 
2.50 
1.13 
0.91 
1.88 
2.16 

2.4 

3.0 

1.9 

1.9 

1.55 

1.44 

1.92 

1.20 

3.0 

1.8 

3.1 

3.4 

3.9 

4.5 

1.0 

2.4 

7.3 



1.0 
1.4 
0.7 
0.9 
1.0 
1.1 

0.3 

8.1 
5.7 
5.9 
5.6 
3.7 
5.6 
4.9 
4.3 
3.18 



Per cent, of 
Digestible Nutrients. 



2.5 

6.9 

3.1 

3.2 

1.4 

1.0 

0.9 

3.72 

5.24 

5.07 

2.41 

2.5 

1.1 

2.2 

1.19 

0.80 

1.77 

2.70 



8.5 
9.5 
8.16 
8.35 
9.18 
6.25 
9.5 
6.8 
2S.0 
17.2 
15.5 
12.2 
0.4 
19.7 
35.8 



1.1 
0.7 
0.8 
1.4 
2.0 
0.9 



4.8 
31.3 
18.8 
27.1 
28.3 
10.2 
12.6 
10.2 
10.8 
11.6 

6.8 



$1 



35.1 

37.7 

43.3 

40.2 

42.6 

37.5 

37.7 

44.87 

44.82 

43.85 

34.48 



9.9 
11.0 
11.0 
10.87 
12.26 
13.38 
12.78 

62.0 
48.0 
58.4 
60.9 
65.64 
65.00 
62.56 
60.06 
45.0 
47.0 
50.2 
18.9 
10.2 
16.2 
7.1 
55.0 
22.3 



4.5 

8.1 

7.2 
16.6 
16.8 
28.0 

11.3 

24.7 

48.1 

34.3 

34.8 

47.7 

44.1 

47.5 

46.8 

48.87 

56.6 



0.6 

1.3 

0.9 

0.9 

0.7 

0.6 

0.5 

0.96 

1.18 

131 

0.47 



0,4 

0.5 

0.6 

0.31 

0.28 

0.39 

0.44 



1.7 

3.9 

1.5 

1.9 

4.36 

4.21 

6.92 

3.14 

2.6 

1.2 

1.4 

35.2 

40.4 

30.2 

0.1 

1.5 

11.7 



0.2 
0.3 



1.2 

7.6 

0.9 

7.0 

2.8 

1.5 

2.9 

2.6 

2.8 

2.68 

3.9 



12 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

Feeding Standards. 

Feeding Standards are concise statements of the amounts of 
digestible protein, carbohydrates and fat, which experience has 
shown are the best adapted to the accomplishment of the pur- 
pose for which the animals are intended, whether that be for 
the dairy or the butcher's stall. 

The advantages of a reliable feeding standard are various. 
It enables the stock feeder to choose such fodders and grains 
as will the most economically prepare his stock for any condi- 
tion he may have in view for them. It presents at once, and in 
form for practical and immediate application, the best results 
of many experiments, and places the stock raiser and feeder in 
a position to utilize the products of his farm to the best advan- 
tage. 

A feeding standard is but a guide for the formation of feed- 
ing rations, which latter may be varied as often as the materi- 
als at hand will admit. The amounts given are calculated for 
a thousand-pound animal; of course, for a larger animal, the 
amount should be increased according to the increased weight 
of the animal; but for smaller ones the amount should not be 
decreased in proportion to the decreased weight, as the surface 
which radiates or looses heat is nearly the same in the smaller 
as in the larger animal. 



In the body of this work the terms albuminoids and carbohydrates are frequently used 
in explaining the quality of foods. On page 11, and following, we show the complete com. 
position of fodder vegetables. But lor those who have never studied chemistry we will 
explain the use of these different parts of foods. 

Protein, or Albuminoids, make or grow muscles in animals; and foods rich in 
albuminoids are also rich in phosphate of lime, to grow the bones— so that such foods grow 
the muscles and frames of young animals— such as oil-meal, pea-meal, wheat, bran, oats, 
clover hay, etc. 

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon and water. This part of foods produces ani- 
mal heat and makes fat. Starch, gum, sugar, woody fiber, and all the vegetable oils are 
composed of carbohydrates. Nine-tenths of the value of straw, ripe corn stalks, etc., is in 
their carbohydrates. 



FEEDING STANDARDS. 



13 



The following feeding standards are given as the averages 
of a large number of experiments with horses, cattle, sheep and 
swine, made in Germany and in this country: 

Feeding Standards Per Day and Per 1,000 Lbs., 
Live Weight. 





CD 

o 

— a 

8" 


Nutritve (digestible) 
substances. 


a 

CO 

« 

s « 
— a 

o « 
H 


jQ 




to 

a 

o 
u 


GO 

1 ""1 

o 


04 


CD 

3 




17.5 
20.0 
22.5 
24.0 
26.0 
22.5 
25.5 
24.0 
27.0 
26.0 
25.0 
26.0 
25.0 

36.0 
31.0 
23.5 


0.7 
1.2 
1.5 
1.6 
2.4 
1.8 
28 
2.5 
2.5 
3.0 
2.7 
3.0 
3.5 

5.0 

4.0 
2.7 


8.0 
10.3 
11.4 
11.3 
13.2 
11.2 
13.4 
12.5 
15.0 
14.8 
14.8 
15.2 
14.4 


.15 
.20 
.25 
.30 
.50 
.60 
.80 
.40 
.50 
.70 
.60 
.50 
.60 


8.85 
11.70 
13.15 
13.20 
16.10 
13.60 
17.00 
15.40 
18.10 
18.50 
18.10 
18.70 
18.50 

32.50 
28.00 
20.20 


1: 12 
1:9 


2. Wool sheep — coarser breeds 


3. Oxen moderately worked 


1 : 7.5 




1 • 7 






5. Milch cows 

6. Fattening oxen — first period 

Fattening oxen — second period... 
Fattening oxen — third period 

7. Fattening sheep — first period 

Fattening sheep — second period .. 


1:5.4 
1:6.5 
1 : 5.j 
1 :6 
1:55 
1:4.5 


8. Fattening swine — first period 

Fattening swine — second period .. 
Fattening swine — third period. ... 


27.5 
24.0 
17.5 


1 : 5.5 
1 : 6 
1 :6.5 



The first column in the above table, headed u total organic 
substances," gives the amount of feed required, less the water and 
ash. It must be borne in mind that in feeding dry fodder the 
amount as given in that column must be increased to allow for 
the water and ash it contains, which can easily be ascertained 
by referring to the table of analysis of feed stuffs. 

The next three columns, headed " protein" (lean flesh or 
albuminoids), "carbohydrates" and "fat," state the amount 
that the ration should contain of each of them. 

The fourth column represents the sum of the protein carbo- 
hydrates and fat. 

The "nutritive ratio" is the ratio which the amount of 
digestible protein bears to the sum of digestible carbohydrates 
and fat. In calculating this ratio, we take two and one-half 



14 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

times the amount of fat and add' it to the amount of carbo- 
hydrates, for the reason that one pound of fat produces as 
much heat as two and one-half pounds of starch. 
How to Compound a Ration. 

The first point to be determined is the object for which the 
feeding is intended, whether for simple maintenance only, or 
for growth, fattening or milk. The next thing to do is to 
ascertain the weight of the animal, as the ration must be in 
proportion thereto. The amount of coarse fodder contained 
in the ration for cattle and sheep should be from 2 to } 2^ per 
cent, of the live weight of the animal; then refer to the table 
of analysis of feed stuffs, and learn the amount of nutritive 
elements contained therein. This done, add to the ration grain 
feed containing such an amount of protein, carbohydrates and 
fats as will bring the ration up to the required standard. 

In preparing a ration, enter the ingredients of each mate- 
ial used, as given by the table of analysis of feeding stuffs, 
under four columns, headed, respectively, " total dry matter," 
"protein," "carbohydrates" and " fats." To secure the amount 
of total dry matter in the feed used, deduct the amount of 
water and ash, as given in the table, from the total weight of 
the feed stuffs; then put the amount of each nutrient under 
its respective column, and continue in like manner with each 
kind of feed to be used, adjusting the quantity of each kind, 
so that, when the required amount of total dry matter has been 
employed, the totals of protein, carbohydrates and fats, as shown 
by the footings in each column, will, as nearly as possible, cor- 
respond with the amounts called for in the standard. 

A little attention to this important matter will soon make 
it easy for any stock feeder to compound a suitable ration for 
his animals. 

Suppose it is desired to adjust a ration for fattening oxen 
for the first period; the feeding standard calls for 27 pounds 
dry matter, which must contain 2.5 pounds protein, 15 pounds 
carbohydrates and one- half pound of fat for a thousand pound 
animal, It may be made up as follows; 



TRIAL RATION. 



16 



Daily Ration for an Ox Weighing 1,000 Pounds. 



Fifteen pounds clover hay 

Five pounds corn fodder 

Ten pounds western corn 

Five pounds bran, roller process. . . . 

Totals 

Amount required by standard 



. 


a 


3 


s 




it 








<» « 


a 


"O « 


S5 


5 


£a 


b 


8 


o 
,5 


A 


h 


5 


12.20 


1.04 


5.65 


3.18 


,.13 


1.75 


8.03 


.62 


6.00 


4.11 


.63 


2.21 


27.52 


2.42 


15.61 


27. 


2.5 


15. 



.19 
03 
31 
14 

.67 

.50 



The above ration is slightly in excess of the feeding stand- 
ard in carbohydrates and fat. It is calculated with the idea 
that corn fodder and clover hay form the basis of the* ration. 
In compounding this ration we refer to the table of analysis of 
feed stuff s^and find that 100 pounds of clover hay contain 
12.6 pounds of water, 6.9 pounds of digestible protein, 37.7 
pounds of carbohydrates and 1.3 pounds of fat. These figures, 
divided by 100, by removing the decimal point two places to 
the left, gives the amount one pound contains of each of these 
substances, and multiplying by 15 gives the quantities of 
each in 15 pounds, the amount used. All the other ingredients 
of the ration are treated in the same manner, it being ascer- 
tained by trial how much to use of each one. 

The proportion of food consumed by swine, when compared 
with that of other animals is very large. Full grown hogs 
when fattening will, during the first period, consume upwards 
of forty pounds of dry matter for every thousand pounds of 
live weight. During the second and third period the amount 
of food diminishes, until it does not greatly exceed that of fat- 
tening cattle or sheep. It is a common custom to feed pigs a 
fattening ration as soon as they are weaned; they thus grow 
and take on fat at the same time. This fact, in a measure, 
accounts for the rapid gain in weight often noticed in young 
fattening hogs. It is not uncommon for them to make a gain. 



16 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

in weight equal to twenty- five per cent of the dry matter con- 
sumed, while generally it requires from five hundred to six 
hundred pounds of dry matter to produce an increase of one 
hundred pounds in the weight of mature animals. 

It may be stated that no feeding standard intended for fatten- 
ing swine can be unvarying; for the only limit to the consumption 
of food among these animals is the limit of their appetite. 
The different fodders produced upon the farm which may be fed 
to swine are usually plentiful, and afford a choice to the intel- 
ligent feeder. The same plan substantially is followed in com- 
pounding a ration for fattening swine, as was explained under 
the head of cattle in this chapter. 

Sheep are very nearly allied to cattle in habits, both being 
ruminants, and feeding upon nearly the same character of 
foods. They require, however, a more liberal supply of protein 
than the Other animals. The results of a great many experi- 
ments made in feeding sheep for mutton proves the truth of 
this statement. The increase in the percentage of protein nat- 
urally increases the cost of feeding; at the same time it is 
offset by the fattening process being made more rapid. Feed- 
ing standards for sheep, on this account, are even more difficult 
to formulate than for other animals. 

The feeder should thoroughly familiarize himself with the 
table of feed stuffs analysis, as well as the other tables given. 
Most people lose the real essence of a book, or treatise, by not 
regarding the tables with that interest which their importance 
merits. 

Having become familiar with the tables referred to, the 
stock feeder should chose from among those feed stuffs at his 
command the products which most nearly contain the elements 
required, and in the proper proportions. He will not find any 
one containing all the needed nutrients, but by successive 
experiments he will be enabled, with the aid of the tables, to 
approximate an excellent feeding ration, and one which will, in 
point of economy, amply repay him for every hour spent in 
compounding it. 



VARIETY IN FEED STUFFS. 17 

A variety of feed stuffs, when used in compounding any 
feeding ration, has a peculiar and distinct value, which few 
farmers, until of late years, have appreciated,and which science 
has not yet satisfactorily explained. 

Digestibility of Feed Stuffs. 

All feed stuffs are not equally digestible. Some may con- 
tain an equal amount of nutritive elements with certain other 
plants or grains, and yet when fed to animals yield a much 
less amount of valuable matter for sustenance. This is due to 
certain conditions existing within the plants themselves. When 
we speak of a food as being more or less digestible, we simply 
mean that the animal has the power of appropriating more or 
less of the nourishment which it contains. Chemical analysis 
will reveal the exact amount of nourishing elements bound up 
in a food, but, of two foods of the same composition, one may be 
more digestible than the other, and therefore the more econom- 
ical food of the two. Some foods are completely digested, as, 
for instance, milk; others are only partially digestible. The 
grains, hay, straw, etc., contain a certain amount of nourish- 
ment which can not be appropriated, the animal body not hav- 
ing the power to extract all of it, and in this respect it is like 
our field crops — they can not absorb all of the available fertiliz- 
ers; a given amount will always remain in the soil. This is an 
important point, because it is only that portion of the food which 
is digested that is of any value, and hence, in mixing and ap- 
portioning feed, we should in all cases count only on the di- 
gestible portion. 

Difference in Digestion among Animals. 

The most common observation will detect among animals 
on any farm, whose owner makes a pretense of stock raising, 
some animals which do not show the average thrift of the herd. 
With substantially the same opportunities and advantages, they 
seem unable to keep pace with their fellows. They are con- 
spicuous among the other animals by reason of their generally 
unthrifty appearance, and, although the amount of food coii- 



18 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

sumed might well give them a place among the best of the herd, 
yet it seems to be almost wasted when compared with the ac- 
tual returns secured from the more thrifty ones. Individual 
peculiarities may account for a few of these cases, but faulty 
digestion lies at the bottom of the great majority of them. 
Other things being equal, it is fair to presume that there is a 
wrong here which can be corrected, for, if the food which is 
consumed is properly digested and assimilated, it will surely 
yield a profitable return in the gain of the animal; in other 
words, make something more of him than a mere machine for 
the grinding of grain. 

Effects of Injudicious Feeding or Exposure. 

It is a well-known fact that bodily exercise will draw upon 
the energies of the body, and demand an increased feed ration. 
This is not only true of the outward motions of the body, but 
also of the internal movements necessary to digestion. If a 
very bulky fodder be given, the increased work of moving it 
in and through the digestive apparatus has exactly the same ef- 
fect as labor of any other kind. Undoubtedly a great deal of the 
benefits derived from the feeding of easily digested food is due 
to the saving to the body of the extra loss caused by the effort 
to digest the less soluble food. 

Exposure has an unfavorable influence upon fattening ani- 
mals, also. Certain elements of the body, notably fats, are'con- 
sumed b}' it to maintain a certain degree of animal heat. If an 
animal be unduty exposed to the cold, a greater amount of fat 
will be consumed to keep up the normal temperature, the fat- 
tening process will be deterred, and more food will be required. 
The body undergoes a constant change; the food builds up, and 
exercise tears down. The careful stock feeder will use his en- 
deavors to have the balance always on the credit side. 

Amount of Water Drank Should be Restricted. 

We have already shown the ill effects of exposure upon cat- 
tle, and especially upon feeding animals. A too generous 
alio wan og of water is no less to be guarded against, Thev 



INJUDICIOUS FEEDING OR EXPOSURE. 19 

both lead to the same result, namely: consumption of matter 
in the animal body by an effort of the system to restore its nor- 
mal temperature. This consumption of the materials already 
stored up in the body decreases the profits of the feeder. The 
stock feeder should restrict the amount of water drank by his 
feeding animals to the amount required by health. This is, 
for cattle, roughly estimated, at between four and five pounds 
of water to every pound of dry matter consumed. Of course 
the more watery the fodder, the less water is required. Too 
warm a stable, or too large an allowance of salt, are conditions 
which cause the animal to drink too much water. Animals 
should not be compelled to slake their thirst from icy streams, 
or from the consumption of snow, as they are sometimes allowed 
to do. Where practical with feeding cattle, it would be profit- 
able to warm the water slightly, as the real loss to the body in 
drinking ice cold water is caused by the effort in warming it to 
the temperature of the body. This misapplied energy comes 
from the combustion of tissue, and is no less a loss than that 
which would be sustained were the feeder to shelter his fatten- 
ing animals on the bleak side of a straw stack. It is just so 
much profit subtracted from the net results of feeding, and con- 
sequently from the owner's pocketbook. 

No Profit in Feeding a Life Sustaining Ration. 
What is meant by a life sustaining ration is one which will 
keep the animal in such a condition that he will neither gain nor 
lose. A knowledge of the exact amount necessary in what is 
called the maintenance ration for the various animals is very 
valuable. It enables us to calculate a ration and cost of keep- 
ing of idle animals, and to tell the amount which we must 
feed to secure a profit. There is no greater mistake made by 
the stock raiser than niggardly feeding. Be he ever so penu- 
rious in other matters, he should be generous to his fattening 
animals. His very niggardliness is rank extravagance. A fat- 
tening animal may be compared to a mill; the more grain he 
grinds the more toll will the miller get. Every pound of hay, 
grain or fodder that a fattening steer or pig can be induced 



20 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

to eat more than is required to maintain his body in its normal 
condition is a gain to its owner, if that amount be digested and 
assimilated. There is a two-fold gain in this increased con- 
sumption by the animal; it is not only feeding in a manner 
that will secure absolute and perceptible gain, but it will, by 
the increased ratio with which the flesh is laid on, shorten the 
time required to prepare the animal for the market. 

Appetite, Digestion and Assimilation. 

A careful selection of the most palatable foods to be secured 
and a vigorous condition of health are the prime requisites to a 
good appetite and a greater consumption of food. The animal 
should be in prime condition, not only that his fattened carcass 
may become wholesome food, but that he may be the more 
profitable as a flesh forming machine. His digestion should 
keep pace with his appetite, so that assimilation may be carried 
on more perfectly, and the increased nourishment be secured. 

Appetite. — Appetite may be called the voice of the system 
calling for the means to sustain it. It is the sensation which 
the creator has placed in the animal to induce it to seek sus- 
tenance. The limit of the appetite is the real feeding standard 
for any fattening animal. The stock feeder may select the 
finest of the herd, he may provide himself with the most 
approved ration, and yet, if the animal does not consume more 
than a maintenance ration, he loses money every day that he 
feeds him. The results of repeated experiments prove that the 
growth of an animal is in direct proportion to the amount of 
digestible food consumed. How necessary then it is that our 
fattening animals have a good appetite. 

Digestion. — The process of digestion takes place in the ali- 
mentary canal; it begins in the mouth, and ends in the smaller 
intestines. The first step is called mastication, or chewing of 
the food. AVhen it is broken up, the food is more readily acted 
upon by the juices of the stomach. During the process of mas- 
tication the food is mixed with saliva, which moistens the food 
and softens it so that it may be the more easily swallowed and 



APPETITE, DIGESTION AND ASSIMILATION. 21 

acted upon in the stomach. The saliva acts powerfully upon the 
starch in the food, converting it into a sort of glucose, or grape 
sugar, thus preparing it for easy digestion. In all animals 
having a simple stomach, the act of mastication is completed at 
once; but in the case of ruminants, or animals which chew the 
cud, it is only slightly chewed at first, and then passes into one 
of the compartments of the stomach. The partly chewed food 
remains in this large stomach, or paunch, for a time, where it is 
softened b} r the saliva with which it was mixed in the mouth 
and by the fluids secreted in the stomach. The part of the feed 
which becomes dissolved by this process passes directly to the 
other divisions of the stomach, whilst the undissolved parts are 
returned, a portion at a time, to the mouth, to be re-chewed 
and again mixed with the saliva. When swallowed the second 
time, a part of the food passes through a peculiar opening in 
the gullet into the first and second divisions of the stomach; 
but a large portion of it passes on into the third stomach. In 
this division of the stomach, the food is subjected to a squeez- 
ing process, which is accomplished by the contraction of the 
muscles of this organ. This process brings the dissolved con- 
tents of this apartment in contact with myriads of small capil- 
laries, which cover the entire inner surface of the third stomach. 
These little vessels, like tin}^ mouths, suck the nutriment from 
the food, and convey it almost directly to the blood, by 
which it is sent on its way to build up the different portions of 
the body. The whole process of digestion is simply a changing 
of the solid matters of the food into forms which are soluble 
in the fluids of the stomach, a condition in which they can be 
taken up by the circulation. 

Careful experiments have determined that the albuminoids 
are acted upon principally by the gastric juices in the stomach. 
Starch is dissolved by the saliva, and the fats by the bile. 

Digestion is both a chemical and physical process, consisting 
in solution and chemical change of the nutriments contained in 
the food. The rapidity and completeness of these changes 



22 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

depend largely upon the condition both of the animal and of 
the food itself. 

Assimilation. — Assimilation is the process by which the dis- 
solved nutritive elements of the food are conveyed to the blood 
and by it incorporated into the tissues of the body. 

We have seen how the food is dissolved by mastication and 
the action of the fluids of the mouth, stomach and other organs. 
As before stated, the inner surface of the entire alimentary 
canal is supplied with minute vessels which unite with the 
larger ones and finally carry the nutriment which they have 
absorbed to the circulation. These small vessels, covering the 
entire inner surface of the digestive apparatus, suck up the 
nutritious qualities of the food all along the line, until the use- 
less part of it passes from the bowels. Thus the albuminoids, 
carbohydrates and fat of the plants become parts of a living 
animal. 

We have seen that the body can only be sustained and 
increased by the nutrients taken into it, and the more careful 
the selection of feed stuffs, the more economically is this result 
obtained. A certain portion of the food consumed is required 
to sustain life and keep the animal where he will neither gain 
nor lose. This amount, as before stated, is called a mainte- 
nance ration. Obviously, therefore, a profitable feeding ration 
must exceed a maintenance ration. The more you can increase 
the amount of food above the mere point of sustenance, the 
greater the profit. 

Value of Standard Food. 

The previous portions of this chapter have been devoted to 
the scientific methods of stock feeding. The table of feed stuffs 
anyalsis reveals to us the nutritive elements bound up in the 
vegetable kingdom. The feeding standards state the quantities 
of these elements which must be contained in a properly com- 
pounded feed ration, but neither of them inform us as to the 
manner of increasing the appetite, digestion and assimilation. 
Throughout every treatise on the feeding of stock to produce 
flesh is heard the refrain, "Increase the appetite and you increase 



VALUE OF STANDARD FOOD. 23 

the profits." Every pound of digestible feed that an animal can 
be induced to consume beyond a maintenance ration means 
profit to the owner. An animal, like a machine, must be in 
good order to produce good results. Right here is where 
Standard Horse and Cattle Food begins its work. It is the 
most powerful aid to the appetite, digestion and assimilation 
available to the stock feeder of the present day. It purifies 
the blood, builds up and strengthens the system, thus placing it 
in a condition of thrift — a condition most favorable to the 
taking on of flesh. 

As has been previously observed, the appetite is the voice 
of nature calling for food. In fattening animals the great need 
is to have them vigorous enough to consume more food than is 
required to sustain the body. It may be increased to any 
reasonable extent by toning up the entire s}^stem, increasing 
the capacity for the consumption of food, and comes naturally 
as a manifestation of the increased demands of a more vigorous 
body. By a judicious use of Standard Food, the stock feeder 
can easily improve the appetite of his animals so that their 
consumption of feed stuffs will be increased fully twenty per- 
cent, the value of which is easily shown. 

Increased Digestion and Assimilation. 

An important factor in the feeding of stock is a vigorous 
digestion. We have demonstrated the value of a good appetite, 
but it is equally important that the animal have a strong diges- 
tion and a perfect assimilation, for, no matter how much feed 
an increased appetite may induce an animal to consume, there 
can be no proportionate gain unless that food is thoroughly di- 
gested and properly assimilated, and thus made to accomplish 
the end for which it was intended. Standard Food, by pro- 
ducing a more abundant secretion of the fluids of the stomach, 
enables the animal to digest and assimilate the greater amount 
of feed consumed, thereby securing to the body the full benefits 
of the increased diet. Standard Food does even more than 
this: it not only increases the consumption of feed, and stimu- 
lates digestion in proportion, but it actually enables the system 



24 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

to extract an increased amount of nutriment from the whole 
amount of feed consumed. This it does by inducing the har- 
monious and increased action of all the forces of the digestive 
apparatus. 

Of course no practical stock feeder will expect the above re- 
sults from an occasional feeding of a ration of Standard Food. 
It must be fed regularly throughout the fattening period. If 
this be done, the extra nutriment secured from the grain feed 
and stored up on the ribs of the animal, b}' reason of the in- 
creased digestion and assimilation, will much more than repay 
the cost of the Standard Food used, to say nothing of the in- 
creased appetite or the increased marketable value of the 
animal. 

Let us see. Take, for instance, three pigs of equal weight 
and as nearly alike as possible; suppose that, by feeding one 75 
pounds of corn in thirty days, he neither gains or loses during 
that time. This would be a life sustaining ration. Feed the 
next one 100 pounts of corn in the same time; this would 
leave 25 pounds of corn for the production of flesh, the life 
sustaining ration being the same in both. This 25 pounds of 
corn produces, we will say, 20 pounds of flesh. Now, suppose 
that, by adding Standard Food to the ration of the third pig, 
we increase his appetite, so that he will consume 125 pounds of 
corn in the same time. "We would, in this case, have 50 pounds 
of corn in excess of the life sustaining ration, against 25 
pounds in the case of the second pig, which, in the same ratio, 
would give us a gain of forty pounds. The result is plain, 
and is as follows: 

Amt. available 
Amt. of Life sustain- for increase Increase in 

corn fed ing ration of flesh weight 

First pig 75 lbs. 75 lbs. 

Second pig- 100 lbs. 75 lbs. 25 lbs. 20 lbs. 

Third pig 125 lbs. 75 lbs. 50 lbs. 40 lbs. 

The 75 pounds of corn fed the first pig is lost; the 100 

pounds for the second pig has produced a gain of 20 pounds of 

flesh, while, in the case of the third pig, the 125 pounds of corn 

fed, which is an increase of 25 per cent, over the second pig, 



RATIO OF INCREASE IN WEIGHT. 25 

makes a gain of 40 pounds of flesh, or just double the gain 
made b}' the second pig. In other words, the extra 25 pounds 
of corn, aided by the Standard Food, has, in the case of the 
third pig, produced as much gain as the 100 pounds of corn 
which was fed to the second pig. 

We have given the above figures to illustrate the most 
important principle in stock feeding, which is that the more a 
pig, or any fattening animal, will eat and properly digest and 
assimilate, the more profitable he will prove. 

Does It Pay? 

It may occur to some careful farmer, who has never fed 
anything except corn and oats, and says they are good enough 
for him, to ask the question, " If you make my animals eat 
more, and I go to the expense of feeding Standard Food 
besides, where does my profit come in? " The result secured 
is the only criterion by which the cost can be justly estimated. 
Some farmers may think that because Standard Food costs 
more per pound than corn, oats, oil cake, etc., that the}' cannot 
afford to use it; but the result is lost sight of in their calcula- 
tion. If the addition of Standard Food to a fattening ration, 
during a period of sixty or ninety days, will yield a profit on 
the extra investment of from 100 to 200 per cent., it certainly 
can be afforded by the most careful and economical stock 
feeder. Profits even greater than these have been made under 
our personal observation, as well as by regular consumers of 
the Food, many of whose reports we have corroborating our 
experience. 

The following table will simplify the above, and at the 
same time prove that it pa}'S to feed Standard Food: 

Daily Days Pounds Total Value of Total Net 

ration fed fed gain gain cost profit 

Ten head... 18 lbs. 60 10,800 $43.20 

Ten head ... 25 lbs. 60 15,000 1,800 lbs. $80.00 60.00 $30.00 
Ten head... 30 lbs. 60 18,000 3,085 lbs. 154.25 87.00 67.25 

In the above table we have assumed that, at the commence- 
ment of the feeding period, the animals weigh 1,000 pounds 



26 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

each, and that 18 pounds of mixed feed, properly proportioned, 
is a life-sustaining ration, the price of which is estimated at 
40 cents per 100 pounds; also that the flesh gained is worth 5 
cents per pound. In feeding the first ten head a maintenance 
ration, he not only fails to secure a profit, but actually loses 
$43.20. In feeding the second lot 7 pounds per day in excess 
of a maintenance ration, a net gain of $30.00 is secured, or 50 
per cent, profit on his outlay; while in feeding the third lot 2 
pounds of Standard Food per day, which has increased the 
appetite so as to consume 12 pounds of feed per day to each 
animal in excess of the life sustaining ration, he has secured a 
net gain of $67.25, which is a profit of nearly 80 per cent, on 
the total outlay, or considerably more than 100 per cent, on 
the outlay of extra corn and Standard Food over lot number 
two; in other words, the feeder realizes 85 cents per hundred 
weight on all the feed fed to lot number three, against 60 cents 
for that which was fed to lot number two. 

In this calculation we have taken no advantage of the 
increased digestion and assimilation, or the higher marketable 
value of the beef from feeding Standard Food, while in reality 
they are subjects for just as serious consideration. 

The process of fattening stock is an expensive one, therefore 
the shorter that period can be made the more profit will be 
realized. The proper use of Standard Food will shorten the 
fattening period fully 25 percent, and at the same time produce 
more and better flesh and with less grain. Take, for instance, 
ten head of steers weighing 1,000 pounds each, and by feeding 
them in the ordinary way they are able to consume 25 pounds 
of mixed feed per day for a period of 100 days. In this time 
they would consume 25,000 pounds of feed, and we will assume 
that the gain is 3,000 pounds of flesh. Now let us take another 
ten head of equal weight and condition, and, by feeding a daily 
ration of Standard Food, they are able to consume 30 pounds of 
mixed feed per day each, for a period of 75 days, in which time 
the total consumption is 22,500 pounds, a saving in feed of 
2,500 pounds over the other lot. Assuming that with both lots 



INCREASED MARKET VALUE. 27 

the life sustaining ration is 18 pounds of mixed feed per day, 
the first lot has 7 pounds for the production of flesh, the lot fed 
the Standard Food consuming 12 pounds a day each in excess of 
the life sustaining ration, will make a proportionate gain of 
over 5 pounds per day, or 3,950 pounds of flesh in 75 days, 
which is 950 pounds more than is gained by the other lot in 100 
days; the tabulated result is as follows: 

Amount of 

Daily ration Time fed feed consumed Gain 

Ten head 25 lbs. mixed feed. 100 days. 25,000 lbs. 3,000 

Ten head 30 lbs. mixed f«ed. 75 days. 22,500 lbs. 3,950 

As in our previous calculations, this does not include any 
advantage from the greater percentage of nutriment secured by 
the increased assimilation, nor the increased value per pound 
of the beef in the market, which are of too much importance to 
be overlooked. 

Increased Market Value. 

The final test of any method adopted in the fattening of 
stock is the price which the animals will command when placed 
upon the market. By looking over our market reports almost 
any day we will observe a difference of from one to two cents 
per pound in the prices paid. The following is copied from a 
report of the Chicago market of March 25, 1892, showing the 
grades offered and prices secured on that date: 

Extra steers, 1,600 lbs at $5.15— $82.40 

Choice steers, 1,400 lbs.. at 4.60— 64.40 

Good steers, 1,300 lbs at 4.00— 52.00 

Fair steers, 1,100 lbs at 3.45— 37.95 

Poor steers, 900 lbs at 3.00— 27.00 

No more convincing argument can be produced than is 
shown by a comparison of these prices; the difference between 
the prices paid for the best and poorest grades of these steers is 
$55.40 per head, an amount equal to more than twice the full 
value of the inferior animals. This shows the difference between 
good and shiftless management, and proves that in the feeding 
of stock the more brains and skill employed in connection with 
a legitimate outlay the greater will be the returns. What counts 



28 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

most on the market is weight and appearance; the glossy coat, 
the well-rounded flank and the ability to tip the beam at the 
highest notch, count for everything in the sharp competition of 
the general markets. Such animals not only command the 
highest prices, but secure an immediate sale. 

How are these most desirable results to be secured? They 
are of themselves suggestive of the answer. Proper care and 
liberal feeding are the essentials. The farmer who will, in con- 
nection with good care and shelter, feed a regular ration of 
Standard Food, for the purpose of increasing the appetite, di- 
gestion and assimilation, and provide a feeding ration which 
will satisfy the increased appetite, is bound to secure the best 
results possible to be obtained. 

To show more plainly the difference between ordinary and 
scientific feeding, let us take, for example, two lots of steers of 
ten head each. We will presume that one lot have always had 
good care and shelter, with plenty of wholesome food, and have 
been kept thrifty by a judicious choice of feed stuffs and an 
occasional use of Standard Food. When turned out to pasture 
at three years old, they should weigh one thousand pounds each. 
The other lot have been compelled to shift for themselves, and, 
while they have had just as good pasture in the summer time, they 
have had a straw stack for shelter during the winter; they have 
been neglected and underfed. A liberal estimate of their 
weight would be eight hundred pounds each. Give both the 
run of the pasture from that time until the middle of December, 
giving the first lot ten pounds of chopped corn per day from 
the first of September, and giving the second lot nothing ex- 
cepting what they will pick up. The first lot should weigh, 
December 15th, twelve hundred pounds each, and the other lot 
would do well to weigh nine hundred and fifty pounds each- 
Then put the first lot in the feed yard and provide good sheds; 
feed them 18 pounds of ground corn, 5 pounds of bran, with 
10 pounds of clover hay, and 5 pounds of well cured corn fodder 
per day. In addition to this ration give two pounds of Stand- 
ard Food per day to the lot. This ration continued until the 



DIRECTIONS FOR FEEDING STANDARD FOOD. 29 

first of April should produce a gain of four pounds per day 
each, or 400 pounds per head during this fattening period of 
about 100 days, at the end of which time they will weigh, say, 
1600 pounds each. 

Taking the other lot from the loth of December, we will give 
them the run of the stalk fields until the first of February, with 
a daily feed of 25 pounds of corn in the ear. Then put them 
in the feed yard and give them 20 pounds of shelled corn per 
day, and what hay they want to eat until April 1st, when they 
will be better than the average if they weigh 1200 pounds each. 
Presuming this date to be the period for marketing both lots, 
the first one would sell readily at five cents per pound, while 
the other lot are well sold if they go at four cents per 
pound. The following table shows the result : 

10 head of steers, 1,600 lbs. each, at 5c per lb., $800 00. 

10 " " 1,200 " " 4c " 480 00. 



To pay for extra feed $320 00. 

This will doubtless furnish a pretty good argument in an- 
swer to the claims of some farmers who say that they cannot 
afford a liberal grain feed, or to use Standard Food. 
Directions for Feeding Standard Food to Fattening Stock. 

For cattle during the fattening period, feed one pound of 
Standard Food to ten head, twice a day, with the grain feed, 
omitting its use one week in each month after the first month. 

In feeding in stalls this can be attended to with little if any 
loss of time. If the feeding is done in the yard, it should be 
given with the grain feed in^tight troughs; in this wa}^ it can 
be fed with ear corn, or any grain feed, without waste. 

For hogs of average size, feed one pound to twenty head 
twice a day, increasing the amount in proportion to the size. 
Its use may be omitted one week in three, after the first month. 
It can be conveniently mixed with the swill or grain feed. 

For sheep, feed one pound to thirty head once a day, with 
the grain feed, using the ordinary care, as directed in the feed- 
ing of other animals, to prevent waste; skipping one week in 
each month after the first month. 



SPECIAL FEEDING FOR MILK. 

It has been clearly demonstrated that we can take an ordi- 
nary cow of good constitution and form, and greatly improve 
both the quality and quantity of the milk by a special and reg- 
ularly conducted system of care and improved feeding. If 
such a cow does not produce more than three thousand pounds 
of milk per year, she is, under ordinary circumstances, kept at 
a loss; but when well fed, and kept in good health and condi- 
tion, she will yield at least six thousand pounds of good milk 
per year, and the cost of producing it will be but very little 
more than the production of three thousand pounds. This 
clearly demonstrates the economy of liberal feeding, and main- 
taining good health, as essential elements in increasing the pro- 
ductiveness of the cow beyond the point at which profit begins. 

To fully understand the advantages to be secured in this 
direction, it is important to know how milk is formed in the 
udder of the cow. Although the blood is its primary source, 
milk is not secreted directly from it, but is formed in the milk 
glands, from the cells of the gland itself. In fact, milk is noth- 
ing less than the liquefied organ. The milk gland is composed 
of a great number of small vesicles; these are made up of the 
simplest kind of cells lining a structureless membrane; this 
membrane doubled in folds forms numberless small sacks, all 
having a common outlet. These vesicles are covered by a 
very fine network of blood and lymph vessels which nourish 
them. Now, as milk itself is formed from the melting or 
liquefying of these small cells within the glandular tissues of 
the udder, it becomes a positive necessity for the continued 
flow of milk that new cells be rapidly formed. In cases where 
insufficient or improper food is supplied, these cells are formed 
from the reserved flesh of the body, and the animal becomes 
poor; also where the system is in a depleted condition from 
poor digestion and assimilation, producing an impoverished 



SPECIAL FEEDING FOR MILK. 31 

condition of the blood, the formation of these cells is decreased 
in a corresponding degree. 

A properly selected ration for cows is just as essential to 
the economical production of milk as is a properly adjusted 
portion for fattening animals. Certain kinds of feed stuffs are 
much more valuable as milk producers than others. Experience 
has taught that foods rich in protein or albuminous properties 
are best adapted to the peculiar needs of the milch cow. The 
following feeding standard is based on numerous experiments 
in feeding milch cows. 

Feeding standard for milch cows per day and 1,000 pounds 
live weight: 

Lbs. 

Digestible protein 2.5 

Digestible fat 0.4 

Digestible carbohydrates 12 . 5 

Total dry matter 24 

Nutritive ratio 1 :5 . 4 

These quantities are the amounts which the animals would 
obtain from good pasture. 

Suppose the dairy farmer wishes to feed his cows so as to 
give each the required amount of the various nutrients required 
by this table. By reference to the table of analysis of feeding 
stuffs given in the previous chapter, the amounts of the several 
nutrients contained in each article of feed which he proposes to 
use can easily be ascertained. Allowing his cows to weigh 1,000 
pounds each, and 18 pounds of clover hay as the basis of their 
daily ration, he finds that, by adding to it 5 pounds of corn 
meal, 5 pounds of bran, 3 pounds of oat meal and 16 pounds 
of carrots, he has a full ration, and one in excess of the stand- 
ard, as is shown by the following table; 



32 



FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 



Eighteen pounds clover hay 

Five pounds corn meal 

Five pounds bran (roller process). 

Three pounds oat meal 

Sixteen pounds carrots , 



Totals 

Amount required by standard, 



i 




IV 


a 




cS 


>*H 




T3 


M 0> 






xr+* 


a 


JQ 


_ 




o 














o 


u 


ej 


H 


fi 


O 


14.66 


1.2 


6.79 


4 


.3 


3.00 


4.12 


.63 


2.20 


2.59 


.29 


1.44 


2.40 


.22 


2.00 


27.77 


2.64 


15.43 


24 


2.50 


12.5 



.2 

.15 

.14 

.11 

.03 

.63 
.40 



Although this ration is nearly four pounds larger in dry 
matter than is required by the standard for milch cows, yet the 
dairy farmer will find that his cows will fully digest and assim- 
ilate this amount when allowed a regular ration of Standard 
Food; for it increases the appetite so that this extra amount of 
food is demanded, all of which goes to the production of milk. 
This table is given merely to show how a ration may be pre- 
pared so as to conform, as nearly as practicable, with the 
amounts required by the feeding standard. An}' articles of feed 
stuffs adapted to the needs of milch cows may be used, bearing 
in mind the important object of furnishing such articles as will 
supply the necessary amounts of the various nutrients. A fuller 
explanation of how to compound a proper ration will be found 
in the preceding chapter on flesh producing. The principle in 
this case is exactly the same. 

Cows should be fed a certain amount of bulky food, in 
order that the stomach may be distended, a condition necessary 
to good digestion. 

There must always be a variety of food in the milk ration, 
and the dairy farmer should stud}' the nature of the feed stuffs 
he uses that he may produce the best results. The error too 
frequently committed by dairymen is in supplying a ration 
from one kind of fodder which can almost always be overcome 
by a little study of their resources. 

Cows require a very large amount of water while in full 



PROFITS IN DAIRY FARMING. 33 

milk. Cows giving twenty pounds of milk per day may be 
considered to require nearly forty pounds more water than fat- 
tening cattle of the same weight. As water permeates every 
portion of the system of the cow, its purity is of the first con- 
sideration. So important is this, that the rule may be gener- 
ally applied that no water is fit for a milch cow which is not fit 
also for man to drink. It should be bountifully supplied 
both in winter and summer; it should also be of easy access, 
and so guarded that they may drink unmolested. 

Some of the most successful dairy farmers put a little bran 
or middlings and salt into the watering troughs to induce cows 
to drink often. It is an excellent practice, and one which will 
be repaid for all the extra trouble by the increase in milk. 

In regard to profits in dairy farming, the cow is simply a 
machine for converting feed into milk to the same extent that 
an engine is a machine for producing power from fuel. If only 
enough fuel is supplied to keep the water warm, no power is 
generated; or, if the machine be defective, valuable power is 
lost. The boiler must have sufficient fuel to produce extra 
heat before any power is secured, and the various parts of the 
machine must be in good order to secure the best possible re- 
sults. Just so with the milch cow. She must have feed suffi- 
cient, in quality and quantity, to more than maintain her ex- 
istence, and her condition must be the best in order to secure 
the highest degree of her usefulness. In accomplishing this re- 
sult, the organ of first importance is the stomach. It is here 
that the first change in this wonderful process commences. The 
peculiar value of Standard Food in strengthening the diges- 
tive organs and promoting the general health can not be over 
estimated by the practical dairy farmer. It will increase the 
appetite, stimulate the digestion, and produce thorough assim- 
ilation, thus securing rich, pure blood and vigorous health. 

Standard Food does this by cleansing the stomach of any 
morbid accumulations which obstruct the action of the diges- 
tive organs. It then comes in contact with the coating of the 
stomach, and produces a healthy and copious flow of the gastric 



34 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

juice. This fluid, acting directly upon the feed, dissolves and 
digests it, so that every available portion of the nutriment 
contained in the feed may be secured and utilized. Under 
these conditions, the entire body becomes more vigorous, and, 
by its increased demand for more nourishment, directly and 
naturally develops an increased appetite. 

Any increase of the appetite, when accompanied by proper 
digestion and assimilation, is a source of direct profit; for all 
nutriment contained in the ration which is not consumed in 
maintaining the normal connition of the animal goes to the 
production of milk. Standard Food, therefore, not only 
returns a profit from an increased digestion and assimilation, 
but also from an increased consumption of feed. 

There is a vast difference in the grades of cows, and in their 
abilities as producers of milk. This is due to a variety of 
causes, such as breeding, difference in feeding and general man- 
agement. In a general way, cows may be divided into three 
classes with regard to their condition and profitableness — poor, 
fair and good. 

To the first class belong such cows as are unprofitable as 
milkers. Usually the digestion is weak, and the assimilation, 
is imperfect, being hindered by a disordered condition of the 
digestive organs; poor blood and a depleted condition of the 
general system are the results. Much of the nourishment con- 
tained in the feed is lost, and nearly all of the remaining nutri- 
ment is consumed in maintaining the existence of the animal, 
so that very little is left for the production of milk. The 
regular feeding of Standard Food corrects this unprofitable 
condition. It strengthens the digestive organs, causing a 
health} flow of gastric juice, so that good digestion and 
thorough assimilation are secured. These conditions secure 
good blood, a strong natural appetite and the highest state of 
health; and the increase in both the quality and quantity of 
the milk, which is sure to follow, will gradually bring them up 
to their highest capacity. 

To the second class belong those cows which yield a mod- 



HOW TO PRODUCE MORE MILK. 35 

erate amount of milk even under ordinary circumstances. The 
common manner of feeding and management has failed to 
develop their full capacity; their digestion, while not poor, has 
been far from vigorous; they have not gotten all the nutriment 
out of the feed they have consumed, nor has it been properly 
assimilated. 

The great mass of our dairy cows are yet of the common or 
native kind, properly belonging to this class, and are capable of 
great improvement in ^heir lacteal qualities; much more so than 
most farmers are aware of.- 

The grade of these cows may be greatly raised, and a large 
percentage added to their ordinary yield in quality and quantity, 
and the consequent profit from them, by the use of Standard 
Food. Its proper use with good feed assists greatly in stimu- 
lating the digestion, promoting assimilation and increasing the 
appetite, so that more feed will be eaten, and at the same time 
more nutriment secured from the full amount consumed. This 
produces increased activity of the milky glands, by the great 
abundance of pure blood flowing to them, and, in consequence, 
a full and profitable yield. 

To the last class belong those cows which are in generally 
good condition, and without special care or feeding yield a 
good flow of milk. The number of cows of this class is greatly 
in the minority, yet the actual value of a regular allowance of 
Standard Food is equally as profitable with them as with either 
of the other classes. It is fully adapted to their needs in 
securing thorough digestion and assimilation and in making 
rich, pure blood, thus securing increased activity of the milky 
glands to keep up the normal flow during the whole period of 
lactation. The period of the greatest productiveness of the 
cow is usually soon after calving, when the milky glands are 
most active, after which there is a natural tendency to decrease 
the amount. In keeping these glands continually active, 
through the agency of the stomach, in increased digestion and 
assimilation, and a full supply of rich, pure blood, this flow 
may be kept up to nearly the amount produced at the com- 



36 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

mencement of the milking period. This can be done by a 
proper daily allowance of Standard Food, with a well-propor- 
tioned feed ration of sufficient amount to fully supply the 
demands of the animal. 

Another and very important gain from the use of Standard 
Food on this class of cows is in increasing the appetite so that 
the animal is enabled to eat, digest and assimilate a larger 
amount of feed. This is easily explained. The cow must first 
be supported before she can produce an J milk whatever. Care- 
ful experiments in many cases prove that it requires two- thirds 
of a full ration to keep a cow in fair condition — her food of 
support. Up to that point there is no profit from the expend- 
iture. By increasing the ration, say one-third, a certain return 
in milk is secured, and by making another like increase double 
the amount of milk is secured. Thus with an increase in the 
feed of twenty- five percent, a gain of one hundred per cent is 
secured. 

To put the matter in another light, suppose the dairy farmer 
is feeding his cows 18 pounds of mixed feed and hay per day, 
which simply keeps them in condition, but produces no milk. If 
he increases the ration to 24 pounds per day, which fully sup- 
plies the appetite and is all they can digest and assimilate, he 
may secure 14 pounds of milk each per day. By feeding Stand- 
ard Food it can be safely claimed that the appetite would be 
increased so that each cow would eat and thoroughly digest 
and assimilate 30 pounds per day, which would, in the same 
proportion, increase the milk to 28 pounds per day. In other 
words, 18 pounds of feed return nothing; 24 pounds of feed 
return 14 pounds of milk; 30 pounds of feed and 1-6 pound of 
Standard Food return 28 pounds of milk. This production of 
milk is based on the claim that from three to four pounds of 
nutritious feed in excess of the amount required for support 
will produce six quarts of milk. Thus, it will be seen that 
Standard Food, in increasing the appetite of milch cows, will 
add largely to their yield in excess of the additional expend- 
iture. 



OUR GUARANTEE. 37 

A great many good cows are fed beyond their ability to 
digest and assimilate; as a consequence their systems become 
clogged and they lose their usefulness as profitable milkers. 
These are known in many districts as over-mealed or "burnt 
out" cows. These cows have simply been overworked as milk 
producers, and the lacteal functions have become actually worn 
out, so that the nourishment consumed goes to the production 
of flesh rather than milk. The action of Standard Food is most 
effective in regulating this derangement. By producing an 
abundance of rich, pure blood it invigorates and builds up the 
entire system, and restores every organ to its normal condition 
and usefulness. Standard Food has been tested in so many 
cases of this kind that its use is recommended without hesitancy 
to regulate this condition. 

It must be borne in mind that in using Standard Food 
nature is assisted in every instance and not forced in any. It 
supplies the lack of what nature would furnish to the cow in 
her natural condition. The dairy cow of today is a creature of 
circumstances, and too many of us fail to realize that constant 
high feeding on unchanging diet does not always furnish them 
with all that nature requires. 

Cows in calf may be fed Standard Food with the utmost 
safety, as it strengthens the generative organs, and, barring 
accidents, pre vents abortion, and insures easy parturition. 

The dairy farmer should remember that all healthy increase 
in milk production is gradual; The first effect from the feed- 
ing of Standard Food is the regulation and improvement of 
the condition. This often requires considerable time, and no 
extra flow of milk can be expected until it is accomplished. 

Guarantee. 

In using Standard Horse and Cattle Food according to our 
directions on milch cows, we guarantee value received in every 
instance, in the increase of the quantity and quality of the milk 
and in the general health and condition of the animal. 

Our regular agents, and all parties selling Standard Food, 



38 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

are authorized to give this guarantee, which will be honored by 
this company, in any case where it can be fairly shown that the 
results secured are not equal to our representations. 

The F. E. Sanborn Company, 

Omaha, Nebraska. 
How Standard Food Should be Fed. 
Feed one pound to twelve head twice a day, mixed with 
the grain feed. Omit its use one week in each month after the 
first month. The object of allowing this intermission in the 
use of Standard Food is to furnish that change to the system 
which is necessary in the feeding of any nourishing substances. 
One of our directions, which must never be overlooked, is 
to furnish an abundant supply of pure water, as the larger the 
production of milk the more water is required. 



CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF HORSES. 

Contagious and Blood Diseases. 

Loss From — Preventable — Bleeding — Influenza — Epizootic 

— Catarrh — Pinkeye — Strangles — Distemper — Farcy 

— Glanders — Rheumatism — Humors of the Blood. 

These are among the most important of all the diseases to 
which horses and, in fact, all farm animals are subject, being 
the most destructive, and, at the same time, preventable by 
strict care and a rigid following of the common sense laws of 
health. 

The experience by which so many of our farmers and stock 
owners have suffered proves the appalling losses from its devas- 
tation, and authentic records show that thousands and thous- 
ands of animals are annually lost from the terrible ravages of 
these diseases. To detail the losses from them to any extent 
would be a difficult task. Suffice it to say that in the year 1872, 
alone, the investments of millions of dollars were swept away 
in the horses that were attacked in almost every part of the 
United States, and, from the effects of it, every horse owner 
dreads the possibility of its return. 

Preventable. — It is proven beyond question, by practical 
experience, that contagious diseases in animals are preventable 
with certainty by the proper application of sanitary laws and 
sensible measures of prevention. 

Clean, airy, wholesome surroundings go a long way toward 
hindering the progress of disease; and good blood, good diges- 
tion, strength and vigor of body and of the whole system and 
its vital organs, assisted by these measures that are all impor- 
tant, give no chance for disease to secure a foothold; for it has 
nothing to work upon ; it has nothing to assist it. While an animal 
is in this virtually perfect physical condition, with the advan- 
tage of these favorable surroundings, it is next to impossible for 



40 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

it to take disease, unless through its germ by direct contact with 
it, and, even then, it can only be of the mildest type, and, unless 
of a necessarily fatal character, like glanders, easily handled 
and easily cured. 

It can be readily seen that the animal system is overcome 
by any contagious disease in proportion to its debility and its 
feeble powers of resistance. The system, therefore, which is 
weak from living in impure air, damp buildings, darkness, on 
poor or deficient food, foul water, from over work, from long 
standing or debilitating disease, etc., is more ready to succumb 
to the attack of contagion than one in the strength of the most 
vigorous health. Hence it is that all that contributes to robust 
health contributes to insurance against contagious disease. 

The use of tonics, of health-giving and strengthening food, 
that build up and fortify the whole system, is based on their 
tendency to produce a more vigorous health, for they assist, 
with good hygiene, in warding off infection. What an impor- 
tant subject, then, for the serious consideration of every stock 
owner who knows the grave results of neglect to keep the 
health of his stock in the most vigorous condition. The 
thorough and systematic use of Standard Horse and Cattle 
Food has proven that, as a preventive of contagious diseases, 
it is a success and positive in its results, and that in the hands 
of any practical horseman it will never fail to give eveiy result 
that could be expected. 

Bleeding. — This is one of the methods for the treatment of 
disease that is certainly unwarrantable, and is a practice that 
should never be resorted to, however much it may be doubted 
by the adherents of an exploded theory. It is a disgrace to 
humanity, and an outrage on the privileges of the noble and 
useful animals on whom we are so much dependent. A moral 
responsibility rests upon every man to see that their natural 
claims are respected, and that, when sick or dying, they should 
be treated with mercy. Medicines and forms of treatment will 
be presented in these pages that, if followed, will insure greater 
success in treating these and other diseases, without in any way 



CONTAGIOUS AND BLOOD DISEASES. 41 

impairing the powers of the animal's constitution that are all 
needed to combat with disease. 

Influenza — Epizootic-Catarrh.— This is a disease of an 
epizootic fever type that is of frequent occurrence, usually in 
the spring and fall of the year, always accompanied by great 
weakness or debility. Indeed, it is very rare that we see a cold 
run its course, as such, without some complication of one kind 
or another. 

In stables that are badly ventilated, or overcrowded, the 
malady is apt to make serious havoc, unless prompt meas- 
ures are adopted to control it. 

Nothing can be definitely stated as to the primary cause of 
its development, but it can be safely asserted that its further- 
ance is assisted by impure air, poor and scanty food, debility 
and general neglect, that any one ought to know are most al- 
luring to disease, and apt to cause disease by their own influence. 

Symptoms — The disease comes on suddenly with extreme 
weakness and stupor, succeeded by a chill or shivering, then 
increased heat, with irritation and fever. There is loss of appe- 
tite, cough and a discharge of mucus from the nose, watering 
of the eyes, all followed in a day or two with swelling of the 
legs, and, in severe cases, of the belly and breast; harsh blowing 
sounds are heard in the chest, and the membrane of the nose is 
pink or lead color. The limbs are alternately cold and hot and 
the hair rough. 

Treatment — Do not carry the mistaken idea that a horse 
suffering from this disease does not need the best care that can 
be given. It is not only due him, but is a material saving to the 
owner; furthermore, without proper care the disease is more than 
likely to assume a complicated form, when treatment would do 
but little good; or it may leave him in a condition from which 
he will be a long time in recovering, or perhaps never will ; so, 
all around, the best care that can be given is none too good. 

Place the horse in good shelter, where he can get pure air, 
and cover him according to the condition of the temperature; 
if the weather is cold, blanket well and bandage the legs. 



42 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

If there are symptoms of high fever give him twenty drops 
of the tincture of aconite root in a little cold water, every four 
hours, till five doses are given, to reduce the fever. Prepare a 
light feed of bran mash or soft feed and mix with it two meas- 
ures of Standard Food, and give three times a day. Place 
fresh cold water before him and allow him to drink as much as 
he wants. No other treatment, except the regular use of this 
Food, and seeing to his general comfort, will then be necessary. 
Increase the grain feed as his appetite calls for it, and when 
well improved decrease the Standard Food to one measure at 
each meal. Do not apply blisters or any such thing to the 
throat, as is too often done, as they can do no good. 

Nothing will result better than the regular use of the Food, 
as it will keep the bowels in good order, coax the appetite, and, 
most of all, keep up the strength of the horse. Be sure the 
animal is entirely well and in full strength before putting to 
work again. ' If treated as described, in from six to ten days he 
will be almost well. 

Thousands of horses have been thus cured with this Food, 
many of them under our personal notice, and in no case have 
we ever had it fail to bring the animal out in good condition. 
From our experience we know that in such cases, when its use 
is begun at once, and our instructions are followed, it will do 
just as we claim, which we are willing to guarantee to all 
horsemen. 

Pinkeye. — This is a name that has, of late years, been 
applied very generally to a peculiar form of disease, of epizootic 
nature, among horses. It is quite prevalent during the spring 
and fall seasons, attacking nearly all the horses in a community 
with greater or less severity, seemingly from one common 
cause. 

Symptoms — Are very much the same as those of influenza 
just described, except that the breathing and respiratory organs 
are seldom affected. There is dullness and stupor, with loss of 
appetite; the coat is rough and staring and there is some cough, 



PINKEYE, STRANGLES, DISTEMPER. 43 

with discharge from the nose. The' ej^es are watery and have a 
peculiar pink color. 

Treatment — Provide sufficient shelter and covering to keep 
the horse warm, and see that he gets pure air and all the fresh 
cold water he wants to drink, offered to him every three or four 
hours. Give Standard Food regularly, as directed for influenza, 
mixed with light feeds of bran mash, or soft feed, three times 
a day, and in a week he will be all right again. 

Strangles — Distemper. — A specific fever of young horses^ 
usually accompanied with swellings and formation of matter 
between the bones of the lower jaw, though often seen on the 
sides of the face and elsewhere. It is caused by change from 
field to stable, from idleness to hard work, and change of loca- 
tion and climate. We are also informed that it is caused by a 
specific poison in the blood that but few horses escape. Expos- 
ure to cold and wet, and to impure air, contribute to hasten its 
development, while contagion is a common cause. 

Symptoms — The disease is often preceded by a period of 
unthriftiness, staring coat and loss of condition. This will be 
followed by a cough, watery flow from nose and eyes, quickened 
breathing and pulse, costiveness, scanty and high colored urine, 
fever and thirst; then a swelling appears, usually between the 
bones of the lower jaw, that is hot and tender to the touch. 
Water is often returned from the nose in drinking and food 
dropped after chewing. 

Treatment — Sustain the strength of the horse by an abund- 
ance of soft, nourishing food and pure air. Give twenty drops 
of the tincture of aconite root every four hours, in a little cold 
water, till five doses are given. Use Standard Food as directed 
for influenza, and the disease will very likely be over in ten 
days. The secret in treating this disease, the same as others 
of similar nature, is to keep up the strength and appetite of the 
horse Therefore any extras that can be furnished, in the way 
of bran mashes, boiled oats, or other tempting food, or even 
hay tea or gruel in extreme debility, is of great benefit. Hence, 



44 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

it is easily seen in this connection the assistance which is ren- 
dered by the use of Standard Food. 

If the swelling between the jaws is bad, it is a good plan to 
poultice it with flax-seed meal, by means of a square piece of 
cloth, with holes for the ears and eyes, tied down the middle of 
the face, which will hold the poultice in place. Steaming the 
nostrils is also good, and may be done by feeding hot bran 
mashes from a nose bag hung on the head. 

The bowels will be kept in good order and the blood active 
by feeding Standard Food, thus avoiding any complications 
of the disease; and, if the animal has otherwise general good 
care, its full recovery in a short time is assured. 

Farcy. — Most authors who are recognized as authority 
state distinctly that farcy is a variety of glanders, but in our 
experience with this disease we are obliged to recognize the 
sound arguments and principles of Dr. McClure, that farcy is a 
disease of scrofulous nature and is produced by a fermentation 
of the blood. For instance, if the liver, kidneys and bowels of 
a horse are not performing their proper functions, the worn out 
or effete matter is not carried from the blood or body through 
the usual channels. This effete matter decays and becomes an 
active ferment in the blood and fluids of the body. 

Symptoms — The coat is rough; one leg, usually the fore leg, 
will swell to a very large size, hot and painful, and in a day or 
two it will break out in small, running ulcers, discharging a 
water}?" fluid, though frequently thick and of a resinous color. 
Soft, puffy swellings are usually seen about the mouth, lips and, 
indeed, on many parts of the body. After a few weeks the 
condition of the animal becomes much changed for the worse; 
the blood becomes so deteriorated that the animal's vitality is 
soon exhausted. Overcrowding, with little or no ventilation, 
and debility, from neglected or long-standing diseases, are com- 
mon causes. It is also produced by inoculation from the virus 
of glandered or farcied horses. 

Treatment — Having explained the cause and nature of the 
disease, the kind of treatment is plain. Destroy the ferment 



FARCY, GLANDERS. 45 

and purify the blood to stop the effect. Give a tablespoonful 
of sulphite of soda at a dose, twice a day, for about ten days, 
then three times a week thereafter, for a few weeks; this will 
destroy the fermentation. While the blood is thus being regu- 
lated, it will be necessary to add to it, also, and in every way 
assist the powers of the constitution to overcome the disease. 
Feed two measures of Standard Food three times a day in 
good rich feed; for this purpose nothing can be better, for by 
this means the power and strength of the body is kept up as 
well, and a cure can be depended on with more certainty. 
Remove the horse, with all his blankets and articles used in 
feeding, etc., to a comfortable place and remote from well 
animals, as this is considered one of the contagious diseases 
of the horse. 

Glanders. — This is essentially a disease of an ulcerative 
character. Horses affected with chronic glanders will live and 
work for years, but the disease during this time is as contagious 
to other horses, as well as to man, as though existing in the 
most aggravated form. The causes of this disease are many, 
among which are starvation, filth, neglect and debilitating dis- 
eases, as strangles, epizootic catarrh, lung fever, or indeed any 
disease that is neglected or capable of forming pus. 

Symptoms — Languor, dry staring coat, impaired appetite, 
quick pulse and breathing, ulceration of the lining membrane 
of the nose, accompanied by a discharge of pus of a greenish 
color that dries rapidly when spread over the nostrils, and 
which sinks when placed in water. Soon the nasal flow becomes 
yellow and sticky and upon the mucous membrane may be seen 
deep ulcers of irregular form, with little or no tendency to heal. 
There is one symptom that nearly always accompanies this dis- 
ease and that is the enlargement of the gland under the jaw. 
Another frequent symptom is the painful dropsical swelling of 
the limbs and joints. A rational understanding of the nature 
of this disease explains the reason why a cold in horses ter- 
minates in glanders; it is the absorption of the pus. 

Treatment — It is very evident, from the results that have 



46 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

been produced in the various forms of treatment, that there is 
no specific known for the treatment of this disease. In fact, 
most of our educated veterinarians contend that it is incurable. 
Therefore it is very probable that the best and most humane 
course to be pursued is to destroy the animal as soon as the 
disease is manifested and bur}' it deeply in the earth. 

Prevention — When the causes of this disease, which pro- 
duces such frightful havoc, are taken into consideration, it is 
right and sensible to assert that much may be done in the way 
of prevention; for it is highly probable that more than one- 
half of the cases of glanders, from year to year, are produced 
by allowing the simpler forms of disease to take their own 
course. Coughs and colds are neglected, distempers are left to 
cure themselves, and other diseases, that affect the blood and 
vital powers, are left to be their own doctors, and a disease that 
is incurable, and upon which it has been found necessary to 
legislate, is the result. Is this right? It is evident that 
the punishment inflicted by the unerring law of nature proves 
that it is not. An empt}^ granary or a depleted pocket-book 
offers no excuse for the neglect of stock, even in the simplest 
afflictions, and the natural law demanding their comfort and 
relief no man has any moral right to evade. 

Rheumatism — In the acute form of this disease there is 
extreme pain in the legs and joints, accompanied by fever, irri- 
tation and excitement, and, on account of the severe 
pain the horse seems to dread to move from one position 
to another. He sweats profusely, but has no fever in the feet, 
by the absence of which it can be distinguished from founder. 
An observance of this may be of assistance in forming a cor- 
rect opinion of the case. 

One of the most frequent causes is from placing horses, 
heated from exertion, where they are exposed to a draught of 
cold air and suddenly checking the perspiration. The secretion 
is absorbed by the blood and acts as a poison, producing 
inflammation. 

Treatment — Put the horse in a comfortable, airy place, 



RHEUMATISM, HUMORS OF THE BLOOD. 47 

with plenty of bedding under him, to induce him to lie down. 
Give twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root every 
four hours, till six doses are given. See that the animal is 
comfortably blanketed and give general good care. Giv« well 
prepared rations of soft feed and oats, containing one to two 
measures of Standard Food, morning, noon and night. This 
will be of great benefit in regulating the condition of the 
blood. By the time the six doses of aconite have been given, 
the fever will have been greatly reduced and the general con- 
dition much changed for the better; but the use of the Food 
should be continued for several weeks until the blood is thor- 
oughly regulated. 

Chronic Rheumatism — This is usually the sequel of the 
acute form of this disease, but unlike it, is relieved by 
counter irritation and exercise. There is no doubt but many 
of the cases of hidden lameness in horses are caused by chronic 
rheumatism. 

Treatment — Give five twenty-drop doses of the tincture of 
aconite root four hours apart; also give thirty-drop doses of 
the powdered meadow saffron seeds twice in the day. In the 
place of this, a few doses of nitrate of potash may be given in 
the water, so divided that one ounce will be given in a day. 
Standard Stock Liniment, applied twice a day, will relieve the 
pain and soreness in the limbs, and is the best external remedy 
that we have ever used. Use the Standard Food regularly, as 
directed for the acute form, to regulate the blood, bowels and 
appetite. Feed generously and give general good care. 

Humors of the Blood — An impure and disordered condi- 
tion of the blood, that affects the general health, is very much 
more frequent among horses than is generally supposed. In- 
deed, most owners may believe that the blood of their horses is 
in good condition until their attention is called to it, perhaps, 
by eruptions of the skin, sores, a bad coat, or other s}'mptoms 
equally as convincing. And it is not to be wondered at; for, 
with tne changes of climate, exposure to heat and cold, hard 
labor, high feeding on corn, with little change, and oftentimes 



48 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

neglect, it is enough to not only pollute the condition of the 
blood, but to wear out a machine made of steel, of equal, or 
even greater, powers. 

Stand a tired horse, wet with perspiration, where a draught 
of cold air will reach him, feed him on corn, all that his natur- 
ally strong digestive organs can assimilate, to give him bodily 
strength for hard labor; then subject him, in the collar, to a 
scorching sun, and very soon again to a cold winter's wind and 
storms, and what is the result? If nothing else, then certainly 
a disordered and impure condition of the blood. Therefore, 
something is needed occasionally to strengthen and purify and 
regulate it, to expel the accumulated impurities that have been 
absorbed. In our experience of many years in the practical 
care and treatment of horses, we have found nothing so practi- 
cal, economical, or so highly satisfactory, as Standard Food, and 
for this use its value is praised by many beside ourselves. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS, 

Prevalence — Treatment — Cold — Coughs — Sore Throat — 
Bronchitis — N as al Gleet — Heaves — Pleurisy — Con- 
gestion of the Lungs — Pneumonia — Lung Fever. 

In almost all domestic animals, these are of first importance, 
on account of their frequency and the serious consequences they 
entail. In young horses, especially, they are very common, and 
probably more destructive than any other class of disease. They 
may be safely classed as one of the evils of domestication. 

Frequently the assertion is heard, coming from some horse- 
man, who is generally credited with dispensing broad gauge 
ideas, that if his horses take cold and have a fever, or even are 
more seriously afflicted, that he does nothing for them, for they 
will get well as quickly without his assistance as though he 
were all the time poking medicine down them. In some cases 
this may be so, particularly if the right treatment is not used; 
but he does not realize that he has taken the horse out of his 
natural position, and subjected him to a form of usage and mode 
of life that is contrary to his nature, and which very things 
have produced disease that he leaves to true nature to cure. 
Were it not for the natural power of self-restoration that is 
possessed by all animal creation, such a man would recognize 
the teachings of dear experience. We will agree with him that 
strong medicines have done more harm than good, and are 
seldom needed; but he must agree with us, even though a 
portion of his experience, under the most favorable circum- 
stances, may give him some right to his claim, that, in the care 
of his stock when they do get sick, because the law of nature has 
been violated by him, they need such relief and medical care 
from him to overcome disease as will compensate for their 
deprivation of the great assistance of nature; not to force but 
to assist in their restoration to health. 

3 49 



50 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

Cold. — No disease is more common among young horses; 
but, unfortunately, it rarely runs its course as such. 

Symptoms — A slight cough, fever, and more or less discharge 
from one or both nostrils, thin and watery or, perhaps, a thick 
pus. The lining membrane of the nose is red and inflamed. 
Cold sometimes extends into the throat and lungs; when it 
spreads to the chest it is called bronchitis. 

Treatment — Keep the appetite good and the bowels in 
good order by feeding one to two measures of Standard Food 
at each meal. Give nutritious feed in generous quantities, 
but not enough to bring on indigestion. Keep the horse com- 
fortable and in a warm, airy place. Continue the use of the 
Food until entirely well, and this will be found a simple and 
successful plan of treating common cold. 

Coughs. — A symptom of disease of the respiratory organs, 
as tubercles of the lungs, thickening of the lining membrane of 
the windpipe and enlargement of the glands of the neck. It 
also occurs from a diseased condition of the liver or from indi- 
gestion. Coughs that are of long standing are, in many cases, 
almost incurable, but more recent cases can usually be treated 
with good success. 

Treatment — The best that we have found in years of expe- 
rience is the regular use of Standard Food, fed with the grain, 
one to two measures at each feed. It will help the worst cases, 
and, if not of a nature caused from enlargement of the glands, 
it can be relied upon to cure. In severe cases, drop a little 
oil of tar — half a teaspoonful — on the tongue every day, then 
give some grain so it will be swallowed. Another good thing 
is to sprinkle a handful of unground flax-seed in the feed every 
night. Feed generously and give occasional drinks of flax- 
seed tea. 

Sore Throat — Symptoms — The nose is raised, the head being 
carried stiffly and more in a line with the neck than usual. 
There is swelling of the throat, and usually a cough and dis_ 
charge from the nose. In chronic sore throat, there may 
appear to be general good health, but a cough comes on in par- 



COUGHS, SORE THROAT, BRONCHITIS. 51 

oxysms when the horse comes into the cold air, drinks cold 
water, eats dry oats or musty hay, or is subjected to violent 
exertion. 

Treatment — Rest in a clean, dry, airy stable. Clothe com- 
fortably and flannel bandage the legs. Tie a rug or blanket 
closely around the neck and steam the nostrils as for strangles. 
If the fever is high, give twenty drops of the tincture of aco- 
nite root, and repeat twice, four hours apart. Feed the Stand- 
ard Food as directed for influenza and give general good care. 
The horse may be given drinks of flax seed tea twice a day 
with the best results. 

Bronchitis — This is a very common disease among horses, 
and is confounded by many horse doctors with inflammation of 
the lungs, distempers and colds, from which it is distinguisha- 
ble in various ways. 

Symptoms — A chill, fever, harsh cough, which in a short 
time becomes soft and rattling; loss of appetite, heaving of the 
flanks, mouth hot and dry and a discharge from the nose. 

Treatment — The first steps should be to make the horse 
comfortable, and reduce the fever. Give fifteen to twenty 
drops of the tincture of aconite root every four hours, till six 
doses are given. Give plenty of cold water to drink, and 
occasionally a little flax seed tea or gruel. Give bran mash or 
boiled oats in small feeds and mix well with them one to two 
measures of Standard Horse and Cattle Food. This will gently 
relax the bowels and cool the stomach, also prevent debility 
and depression. Continue its use and give special care until 
entirely well. In the chronic form of this disease, Standard 
Food will be found equally valuable. In connection with its 
use the following ointment may be applied, well rubbed in, 
down the course of the windpipe, once a week: Lard, one 
ounce; red iodide of mercury, one drachm; mix. This will cause 
whatever thickening there may be to be absorbed. Lard or oil 
may be applied once a day where the ointment was applied, to 
keep the skin from cracking. 



52 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

Nasal Gleet — This is a result, usually, of catarrh and cold 
in old and debilitated horses, and is shown by a thin, watery 
discharge from the nose. The case may be classed as one of 
simple gleet, if there are no ulcers on the lining membrane of 
the nose, or no enlargement of the gland under the jaw and can 
readily be cured by care and good treatment. 

Treatment — See that the horse is well sheltered and allow 
a term of good feeding. Mix one measure of Standard Food 
with the feed at each meal This will give the horse strength 
and vitality, and that is what is needed to cure the disease. 
Continue the use of the Food until the horse is entirely well. 

Heaves. — This is a disease that is much the same as asthma 
and may be defined as a difficulty in breathing. Some horses 
are so seriously affected with this disease as to be made almost 
unfit for use. In others it is so slight that it can only be 
observed by a peculiar hitch or double beat of the flank, differ- 
ent from any other form of breathing. It is caused by over- 
feeding on clover hay, chaff, cut straw or any bulky and innu- 
tritious food. 

Treatment — Give five grain doses of arsenic once a day, for 
two weeks, then skip a week and commence as before. This 
will cure many cases. Use but little hay or any feed of large 
bulk. Improve the general condition of the horse as much as 
possible. This can be done by the regular use of Standard 
Food, three measures a day with the grain feed; besides, it is 
exceedingly good of itself in allaying the disease. A teaspoon- 
ful of oil of tar may be given every day, by placing it on the 
tongue, with excellent results. 

The following is a good receipt for h ves and has produced 
remarkable results in many cases: 

2 ounces powdered lobelia seed 

4 ounces linseed meal. 

\ ounce black antimony. 

Mix: divide into twelve doses, and give one night and 
morning. When used up wait a week and repeat. 



PLEURISY, PNEUMONIA. 53 

Pleurisy. — Inflammation of the membrane covering the lungs 
and lining the cavity of the chest. 

Symptoms — The breathing is deep; not so short and quick 
as in inflammation of the lungs; there is a chill succeeded by 
fever; there is a disinclination to turn short. Usually the pain 
will subside in twenty-four hours after the attack, and the 
horse will appear better. 

Treatment — Treat the horse as for inflammation of the lungs, 
by giving him pure air, cold water and aconite. This is to be 
given in twenty-drop doses, four hours apart, till six doses have 
been given. 

To remove the fluids from the body after the disease has 
passed its active form, allow good feeding and a generous diet. 
In this connection Standard Food is always of great value. 

Congestion of the Lungs. — Symptoms — The horse blows; 
he is heaving at the flanks, with the nostrils dilated, and, in a 
general way, shows symptoms of distress, and is very stupid. 

Treatment — Clothe the body and bandage the legs. Allow 
plenty of fresh air and give the following mixture: sweet 
spirits of nitre, half an ounce; powdered carbonate of ammonia, 
half an ounce. Mix in a small quantity of gruel in the form of a 
drink. 

An excellent form of treatment, when it can be had, is to 
wrap the entire body in rugs, wrung out of hot water, and cov- 
ered thickly with dry ones, the limbs being actively rubbed at 
the same time. 

Pneumonia — Lung Fever. — This is an inflammation of the 
substance of the lungs, and is sometimes very common in the 
spring after a hard winter. 

So far as the direct or indirect causes of this disease are con- 
cerned, we may safely infer that crowding, and a bad system of 
ventilation include them all; yet, it is often caused in horses 
by hard and laborious work, or from a long drive facing a cold 
wind after being taken from a warm stable. 

Symptoms — A chill, followed by a fever that is high for a 
time, and is succeeded by cold legs and ears, quickened breath- 



54 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

ing and pulse and dilated nostrils. The muscles of the side and 
breast will be seen to quiver in inflammation of the lungs, and 
will seldom deceive. The animal will eat nothing, and persis- 
tently stands with his nose in the manger, and, if taken out of 
the stall into the open air, a relief is secured from the fresh air 
so that he will almost refuse to go back into the stable again. 
This shows the necessity of pure air in all lung diseases. 

Treatment — Place the horse in a light and airy place that 
is comfortable, and clothe according to the weather. Bandage 
the legs well to keep them warm. Aconite, judiciously given, 
is a great remedy in treating this disease. It should be given 
in twenty- five drop doses in a little water, four hours apart, till 
six doses have been given. Allow the horse to have plenty of 
cold water to drink. He should have one ounce of chlorate of 
potash every twelve hours until signs of improvement are 
shown, when it may be discontinued. This may be given in a 
few quarts of linseed tea. Give nourishing food and mix with 
each feed two measures of Standard Food. This will keep up 
the strength and appetite of the horse. Continue feeding in 
this amount until the animal is well improved, then feed one 
measure at each feed until entirely well. 

We would caution our readers not to place too much reli- 
ance in strong medicines for the cure of disease. The physi- 
cian does much good when he practices rationally; recognizes 
himself as the servant of nature; does her bidding and does no 
harm in the use of poisons and meddlesome medication. In 
the treatment of most forms of curable disease, what is needed 
is great patience, faith in nature, and a strong reliance in such 
remedial agents as will assist nature to restore health, not to 
force it. Hence the value, in working according to the require- 
ments of nature — to assist and not to force — of Standard Horse 
and Cattle Food. 



DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 

The Results of Bad Feeding — Diet — Loss of Appetite — 

Indigestion — Constipation — Laxatives — Diarrhcea — 

Hide- Bound — Debility — Dropsy — Worms — Bots 

— Colic — Inflammation of the Bowels — 

Diseases of the Liver — Lampas. 

It is probably the experience of most farmers and stock 
owners that a great proportion of the diseases occurring among 
live stock are produced, either directly or indirectly, by errors 
in diet, or general care, that bring on a disordered and diseased 
condition of the organs of digestion. Such a fact is admitted 
by veterinarians, indeed to a greater extent than is generally 
conceded by those who have not made the subject a particular 
study. 

More horses may be seen in a broken down condition from 
the effects of this class of disease than any other. They are so 
poor that their hide seems only to cover a lot of bones; they 
have no life, no vitality or ambition, and are sorry specimens 
indeed by the side of the well groomed, well fed animals that 
are not the subjects of the kind of care that forces sucn condi- 
tions. And the shame is in the fact that such a condition is 
avoidable by proper care and attention in the feed of the 
animals, and in their natural wants in sickness or in health. 

Diet — No single article of diet, let it be ever so rich in the 
elements that form tissues and support life, can be used for any 
length of time with success. The natural desire in ourselves 
for something else, after being confined to any particular article 
of diet, proves to us that in order to be successful in preserving 
the health of our live stock we must vary the diet. The 
stomach must be made to labor hard at times, or its functions 
will deteriorate. It must be made to work for a living once in 
a while. Labor operates on the stomach in the same manner 



56 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

that it does on the brain and muscle — increases their capacity. 
We may, therefore, distend the horse's stomach at times and not 
continually burden it with meal, chopped feed and concentrated 
food. 

It must be borne in mind, too, that the various functions of 
the body need rest; for, should a horse be permitted to stand 
up to a full crib for hours at a time, disease of one kind or another 
is sure to occur. On the other hand, let him be deprived of 
what is actually necessary to keep up the strength and vitality, 
and he soon becomes poor and debilitated, and an excellent 
subject for disease. As a matter of fact, the art of feeding, of 
choosing diet and allowing it judiciously, to secure the best 
results, may be brought down to a point of great nicety. 

Loss of Appetite. — This is more of a symptom than a 
disease, and is due to some derangement of the system. In 
cold, influenza and fever, the appetite is bad and with their 
removal it will be restored. When it is caused by a disordered 
digestion, what is needed is good care and good feed. The use 
of Standard Food, three measures a day, will regulate the diges- 
tive organs to a nicety, and bring the horse to his feed again in 
a very few days, so that he will not only relish it, but it will be 
thoroughly assimilated. 

Indigestion. — From various causes the horse is liable to this 
condition, which not only proves very inconvenient, but 
after existing some time usually leads to the establishment of 
incurable diseases. It is frequently caused in old horses by 
diseased teeth; but outside of this cause, in horses of any age, 
it may be laid to improper or irregular feeding, or to the prac- 
tice which some persons ignorantly follow of constantly dosing 
the horse with mineral condition powders, poisons and all such 
remedies. 

Symptoms — The condition is at first shown by an uncertain 
and irregular appetite, and, as the disease advances, good food 
is refused and the horse seems to have a desire to eat his bed- 
ding and rubbish generally; he licks the walls, etc., and seems 
to have a great desire for filthy water. There is a general want 



INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION. 57 

of condition; the skin is tight, and the bowels are irregular. 
Many more horses are troubled with indigestion than is gen- 
erally supposed, and particularly in cities where they are stall 
fed continually. 

Treatment — If the teeth are affected, secure the services of 
a competent veterinary dentist to look after them at once; and, 
if they are in good condition to properly masticate the food, 
good care and good feed with grooming and the regular use of 
Standard Food will effect a complete cure. The Food should 
be used one to two measures at each feed, according to the 
condition of the horse, and roots, vegetables and even fruits 
should be provided, while a moderate amount of daily exercise 
is highly necessary. 

Standard Food has been used in innumerable cases of 
this kind, all degrees of severity of which are seen in different 
horses, and its results have actually been wonderful. 

Constipation — Inaction of the bowels, caused by natural 
torpidity or want of activity, debility or weakness, serious and 
latent diseases, etc. In those animals naturally prone to con- 
stipation, nothing is required beyond an occasional bran mash, 
the use of linseed or a mild laxative only, and as long as 
bodily health is maintained, all remedies of a strong medicinal 
character are not recommended. When debility or disease is 
the cause, Standard Food, fed in the proper amounts to act as 
a mild laxative, will produce every result that will be required, 
As a symptom of other diseases constipation must be dealt with 
accordingly. 

Laxatives — In many cases, and especially in those with 
marked constipation or bowels loaded with indigestible mate- 
rial, a laxative is beneficial. For the horse, aloes in three to 
five drachm doses, or, often better, sulphate of soda in one to 
one and one-half pound doses, will usually remove an irritant, 
cool the general system and produce speedy relief. Where a 
mild laxative is needed to cleanse the system, Standard Food 
fed liberally is, without doubt, the most satisfactory of any- 
thing that can be used. 



58 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

Diarrhoea — This is nature's plan for ridding the bowels of 
any irritant or obnoxious substance, and consists of a looseness 
or increased action of the bowels. It is, therefore, not an inde- 
pendent disease, but a sympton of some derangement. When 
this condition is present, and no pain, griping or pawing, as in 
colic, it needs no special treatment, more than general good 
care and good diet. Continued diarrhoea, however, needs atten- 
tion, as it shows that the irritation that has produced it does 
not pass away. 

Treatment — -Give twenty drops of the tincture of aconite 
root in a little cold water; then give the following powder 
every two hours until the animal is better: Prepared chalk, 
half an ounce; catechu in powder, one drachm; opium in pow- 
der, ten grains. Allow plenty of cold water to drink as it will 
help to allay irritation. Bran mashes should be given for a. 
few days to overcome the effects of the binding medicine. The 
Standard Food will be an excellent assistant in this particular; 
in fact, there is no stage of diarrhoea in which it cannot be 
used to the best advantage. 

Hide-bound. — This is a condition that is produced by 
debility, indigestion or a general " out of sorts." It is not a 
disease, but is the result of derangement, brought on generally 
by poor feed, overwork and lack of proper care. 

Treatment — Give the horse a good variety of grain feed in 
generous quantities, and cut hay daily, wet with salt water. 
Frequent feeds of bran are good on account of its bulk. Give 
Standard Food at each meal, one to two measures, according to 
condition, mixed with the grain. If the horse is cared for in 
this way, we will guarantee that he will regain his good con- 
dition in a very few weeks. 

Debility. — This is a condition that is in too many cases the 
result of ignorance and neglect, and accompanies many diseases. 
On this account it is very essential to discountenance any form 
of treatment, even in diseases of an exalted character, that will 
reduce the strength. The animal thus affected becomes weak 
and debilitated, giving an access so free to disease that the 



DEBILITY, DROPSY, WORMS. 59 

system in its weakness is unable to rally its strength and fatal 
results often follow. 

The majority of cases arise from neglect and poor treatment 
in sickness, such as purging and the inhuman practice of bleed- 
ing. The want of knowledge, or the lack of care on these points, 
has killed more horses and made more crow-baits than anyone 
could be made to believe. Valuable horses have been neglected 
and maltreated either by the hand of a careless owner or in the 
care of some horse doctor, whose ignorance, or bad judgment, is 
no excuse for him, until this shameful condition has been the 
result, that has either terminated in the animal's death, or left 
him an actual disgrace to his owner. For such results are surely- 
avoidable with good care and proper treatment. Remedies that 
may seem simple in themselves, but if they perform that essential 
task — maintain the strength and work in unison with nature — 
are all that are needed. 

Symptoms — The horse is very weak and sometimes staggers 
as he walks. There is disturbed breathing and many other indi_ 
cations, to a general observer, that show weakness and deple- 
tion of the whole system. Of course there is almost every stage 
of this condition, from the horse that has lost but little of his 
strength and vitality to the one that is so weak and debilitated 
that he can scarcety walk. 

Treatment — Give plenty of good feed and the best of care 
to the maltreated beast, and allow him every comfort that his 
condition demands. Feed Standard Food regularly, one to two 
measures at each meal, according to the animal's condition. 
This will give him strength and appetite, regulate the digestion 
and make good blood, and that is what is needed. Continue 
this treatment until the horse has been restored to good con- 
dition, and see that he is strong and well before putting to 
work again. 

In cases of this kind the value of Standard Food cannot be 
too highly estimated. The results are always of the best and 
have been praised in cases innumerable, while it has saved the 
life of many a valuable animal. 



60 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

Dropsy. — This is rather the result of disease than the disease 
itself, and means an unnatural accumulation of water in the 
cavities of the chest, belly, breast and tissues of the legs. It 
depends generally upon a debilitated condition, the result of 
other weakening diseases and starvation, or is the result of 
bleeding, blistering and physicing. 

Treatment — Eest and blood-making food are demanded. 
Feed corn-meal mixed with bran and cut hay, give frequent 
feeds of steamed oats mixed with bran. In fact, tempt the 
appetite with whatever nourishing food the animal will eat. 
Give the following medicine three times a day, mixed in the 
feed: Powdered sulphate of iron, one drachm; Spanish fly, two 
grains. Feed the Standard Food regularly, beginning with one 
measure at each meal, and as soon as the appetite has increased, 
double the amount. 

Water in the chest is removed by introducing an instrument 
called a trocar, but when an operation of this kind has to be 
performed, unless the attendant has some knowledge of it, it is 
necessary to seek the services of a veterinarian. 

Worms. — There are various forms of parasites that infest the 
alimentary canal of the horse; but really, they are not as injur- 
ious at all times as some writers claim them to be. They are 
rarely, if ever, found in the intestines of healthy animals, and 
their presence is generally due to a deranged condition of the 
digestive organs. 

Among the different forms may be mentioned the thread 
worm, which inhabits the rectum; the long thread worm, which 
is found in the large intestine; the roundworm, which is usually 
found in the small intestine, and the tape worm which also 
affects the same part. 

General Symptoms — These are shown when worms are 
present in large numbers, when they attach themselves to the 
mucous membranes, or when they bore through these to reach 
other parts. There are general signs of ill-health, poor condi- 
tion, pot-belly, hide-bound, a scurfy, dry state of the skin, 
irregular and usually voracious appetite, diarrhoea, alternating 



WORMS, BOTS. 61 

with costiveness, and above all, the passage of worms or their 
eggs. There is often a tendency to elevate the upper lip and 
rub it against a wall or manger, to lick earth or lime, or to 
shake the tail and rub out the hair about its root. There may 
sometimes be severe, flatulent or spasmodic colic. 

Treatment — Most of the remedies recommended in the old 
works of veterinary are just about as likely to kill the horse as the 
worms, and are, to say the least, unsafe. The true theory is this: 
Worms are the result of indigestion; hence our object by way 
of prevention is to give tone and strength to the digestive 
organs. Their weak condition is not due to the presence of the 
worms, but is just what account for the presence of them, and 
which create morbid secretions that invite their remaining; but 
as soon as the digestion and tone of the system are improved 
worms cease to be nourished, when they die, are digested and 
pass from the "bowels. In other words, worms are the effect and 
not the cause of poor condition in almost every case, and as 
soon as this poor condition is remedied they cease to exist. 

Suppose we give the infested horse powerful purges, calo- 
mel, turpentine, etc., as are recommended; we may succeed in 
expelling worms by such methods, but that only mends the 
matter in part, for these medicines are all more or less prostrat- 
ing, and create a worse state of digestive derangement than 
that which previously existed, which soon causes their return. 

When a horse shows any of the symptoms here alluded to, 
feed him Standard Food with the grain, two measures at each 
meal, and keep it up persistently until the thorough good con- 
dition of the animal is established. It is obnoxious to the 
worms, but its great value in expelling them lays in toning up 
the digestion and general system to take up the morbid secre- 
tions just spoken of. 

It cannot be expected that a few days' feeding of the Food 
will accomplish all that is wanted in expelling worms. Its use 
must be continued in some cases for weeks, bat the good results 
that are sure *to follow will more than pay all trouble and 
expense. 



62 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

Where it is thought necessary, the following may be used 
in connection with the use of the Food: Fluid extract of 
wormwood, four drachms, to be given in the morning before 
feeding, for several days. 

Four drachms of the solid extract of male fern, every other 
morning for a period of ten days, is said to be a specific for 
tape worm. 

Bots. — The only parasite which occupies the stomach as its 
dwelling place is the common horse bot. There are doubtless 
others which undergo a process of development in the stomach, 
and we also know that many are carried into it by a reverse 
action of the intestines. 

These parasites are produced by a variety of bot-fly, which 
attach their eggs to the hairs on the knees, breast, nose, sides 
and mane of the horse, which give rise to irritation and are 
licked by the animal. The moisture thus derived and the tem- 
perature of the summer season are sufficient to hatch the eggs. 
They are carried by the tongue to the mouth, and eventually 
to the stomach, where they attach themselves to the mucous 
membrane. In this situation they remain for a period of about 
eight months, when they leave their hold and pass from the 
bowels. The presence of bots within the stomach has been a 
subject of great consideration, some authorities claiming that 
they prove of great service in assisting digestion, etc., while 
others claim that their absence would be a boon to the horse. 
It is evident to us however, that they seldom do injury, unless 
congregated in large numbers. 

Treatment — Improve the condition of the horse so that the 
debilitating effects of the bots' presence will not interfere with 
the general health and condition of the horse; for it must be 
borne in mind that no medicine will dislodge or destroy them short 
of killing the horse also. Once the eggs are in the stomach, which 
seems to be their natural dwelling place, they cannot be 
removed by force. Allow good feeding and the regular use of 
Standard Food to keep the animal in good condition, which 



FLATULENT AND SPASMODIC COLIC. 63 

it will do, and without doubt prove the best form of treatment 
that can be adopted. 

Colic. — This is a disease of very frequent occurrence among 
horses and is the cause of extensive mortality. The term is 
used to denote the pain and disturbance arising in the bowels 
from various causes. The disease is of two kinds, flatulent 
and spasmodic colic. 

Flatulent Colic. — This form of the disease is known by a 
distension of the intestines and abdomen with gas. 

Symptoms — The attack comes on suddenly and some horses 
are liable to it under any circumstances. At the commence- 
ment of the attack the horse becomes uneasy from pain and 
commences to paw and soon begins to roll from side to side. 
Sometimes he is on his legs again in a moment, gives the body 
a shake, and looks at his flank as if endeavoring to point out 
the location of the disease. Occasionally the animal remains 
quiet for a time, the limbs being gathered beneath the body in 
a kind of crouching attitude, until the pain becomes so severe 
that he must shift his position, and again we find him rolling 
or standing with the hind legs stretched backward and the fore 
ones advanced. Supposing at this period that there be no flat- 
ulency, yet the breathing is quick, the pulse wiry, the eye 
glassy, and the animal exceedingly nervous and uncontrollable, 
the case is then one of spasmodic colic; but if gas is passed 
from the bowels or the abdomen becomes distended, it is surely 
a case of flatulent colic. 

Treatment — Give, the first thing, one tablespoonful salera- 
tus dissolved in a pint of water, at one dose, and if relief is 
not secured in ten minutes, repeat the dose. If this does not 
give relief, give the following: 

-£ ounce extract of ginger. 

£ ounce hyposulphite of soda. 

1 pint water. 

Mix: Give at one dose. 

This colic drench we can highly recommend, having used it 
with success in many cases. 



64 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

The following is also an excellent drench, and may be used 
if relief is not secured: 

1 ounce powdered aloes. 

1 ounce sulphuric ether. 

2 ounces tincture of opium. 
1 pint water. 

Mix: Give at one dose. 

Repeat in thirty minutes if necessary, and give an injec- 
tion of warm water, soap and a handful of table salt. 

Spasmodic Colic. — Symptoms — The horse shows unmistaka- 
ble signs of great abdominal pain that seems to come on all at 
once. He leaves his feed, shakes his head, looks around at his 
flank and almost strikes his belly with his hind feet. In some 
cases the horse will paw and stamp continually, or throw him- 
self violently to the floor. The spasms continuing, the horse 
breaks out in a sweat, heaves at the flank, and is greatly excited. 
There are intervals of ease from pain. 

Treatment — We can recommend the following drench very 
highly, having used it many times with the best success: 
^ ounce sweet spirits of nitre. 
1 ounce laudanum. 
-§- ounce extract of ginger. 
\ pint water. 

Mix: Give at one dose. 

If the pain does not yield, repeat in thirty minutes. Repeat 
again in thirty minutes if necessary, and use a diluted injec- 
tion of tincture of lobelia; two ounces m one pint of water. 

Many persons ignorantly suppose that after an attack of 
colic has been cured, the horse is as well as ever, forgetting that 
violent spasms produce stiffness, soreness and weakness, and 
which are likely to pave the way to subsequent attacks or lay 
the foundation of other diseases when returned early to work. 
In addition the animal has so much medicine within his diges- 
tive organs that hard labor may produce serious results. Give 
the animal perfect rest, if possible, for several days. Allow 
good feed and the regular use of Standard Food to again 



INFLAMMATION OP THE BOWELS. 65 

put the digestion in good order and guard against a return. 
We are safe in saying that most cases of colic can be prevented 
by keeping the digestive organs in good condition from the use 
of Standard Food. 

Inflammation of the Bowels. — This is a common disease 
among horses, and may follow unrelieved obstruction of the 
bowels, especially if these have been treated by powerful medi- 
cines. The indiscriminate use of irritating purges, or of 
mineral condition powders, is prolific in its cause. It may also 
be caused by exposure to cold, drinking cold water in great 
quantities when hot, diarrhoea and as a sequel to colic. 

Symptoms — There is severe pain in the belly, which is con- 
tinuous, giving no intervals of rest as in colic, for which disease 
it cannot be mistaken on this account; for in colic there are 
times of ease from pain, but never in this disease. There is 
extreme restlessness, sweating and breathing fast, with high 
fever and excitement. 

Treatment — Give thirty drops of the tincture of aconite 
root, and repeat in two hours. Apply blankets wrung out of 
hot water to the belly and renew every twenty minutes. Do 
not bleed, as this only weakens the animal and tends to hasten 
death. Give injections every half hour of warm water and 
soap, to which has been added a small amount of table salt, 
and continue this form of treatment as long as sufficient 
strength of the horse remains. This is a hard disease to handle 
when once started, and purgatives, or any medicines except 
such as will allay fever and pain, are too slow to act. 

But prevention is especially to be sought in such a terrible 
disease. Feeding regularly and sufficiently frequent, in moder- 
ate quantities, with food of good quality, and a gradual, instead 
of a sudden change in diet, are highly essential. Avoid full 
draughts of cold water when sweating and exhausted, and par- 
ticularly the feeding of new hay or grain, or heating agents, 
like corn and wheat, unless the horse is accustomed to this 
kind of feed. Keep a box of Standard Food in the stable 
and give a measure of it daily with the grain feed. It will 

4 



66 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

strengthen the horse, give him good blood, good appetite and, 
not least of all, good digestion, that, with good feed, affords 
assurance against such attacks. 

Diseases of the Liver. — Disease of this organ is often met 
with among horses that are highly fed and have little to do; at 
the same time hard-working horses are often its subjects from 
errors in die 4 ; and various other causes. The liver is the largest 
secreting gland of the body, and, without it, digestion cannot 
be maintained, and the waste or effete matter cannot be 
removed from the blood. Therefore, when the liver is dis- 
turbed there can be no health in the rest of the system. 

Space being limited, we are prevented from enumerating in 
detail the various derangements and diseases of the liver, but 
a review of the general symptoms that are generally seen may 
be of special value. 

General Symptoms — Briefly, these may be stated as follows: 
Sluggishness; irregular bowels; the excrement of a yellow color 
from excess of bile in congestion of the liver; lameness in the 
right fore limb, or even in one of the others, without observable 
cause; cramps and even paralysis in the severe coses; slow 
pulse; yellow or orange color of the eyes and other visible 
membrane; tenderness when the last ribs are struck with the 
fist; a j^ellow fur may sometimes be seen covering the upper 
surface of the tongue; appetite lost; swelling or stocking of 
the legs, especially the hind ones, etc. 

General Treatment — Relieve the horse from all very 
laborious work; but it must be remembered that a full limit of 
moderate daily exercise is very essential to a cure. Many of 
the books recommend bleeding or purging, but no authority can 
convince us of the good effect of such treatment. Give the 
horse as much change in diet as possible. Assist the liver in 
its all important work of digestion and strengthen and give it 
tone to perform its labor. This may be done by proper feed- 
ing and the regular use of Standard Food; if fed about two 
measures at each meal, it will act as a mild laxative, enough to 
very soon place the bowels in good order. 



DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 67 

The Standard Food is prepared with the object in view to 
render natural assistance to the liver in digestion, and for this 
purpose it, without doubt, stands without a peer, and it can posi- 
tively be relied upon, and is supported by our guarantee, to 
regulate all primary derangements of this organ. 

Lampas — A red, swollen state of the soft parts behind the 
upper front teeth, and is seen in young animals on shedding 
the teeth, or in older ones in digestive disorder. The taking 
in of food may be painful from the tender palate project- 
ing beyond the teeth. 

Treatment — Feeding hard, unshelled corn has a good effect. 
Scarif}^ slightly with a knife or lancet, for half an inch back 
from the teeth, and if caused with disorder of the stomach 
give a mild dose of physic and regulate the digestion by feed- 
ing Standard Food. This is a much more humane treatment 
than burning the mouth with a hot iron, an operation which 
the horse never forgets nor forgives. 



DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 

Inflammation of the Kidneys — Inflammation of the Bladder 
— Diabetes — Calculi — Bloody Urine. 

Diseases of the urinary organs are of considerable preva- 
lence in certain localities, and not infrequently the assistance of 
skill, combined with great care, is demanded in relieving the 
subjects of their attacks. They are more frequent in localities 
that abound in diuretic or resinous plants; where fodder is se- 
cured in a wet, musty condition, and fed in this damaged state; 
or in lands containing limestone or alkali. The habitual pri- 
vation of water also causes this class of disease, as well as inju- 
dicious dosing with diuretics, and finally mechanical injuries to 
the loins, etc., all tend to induce various urinary diseases. 

General Symptoms — In most cases where there is acute in- 
flammation it is accompanied by a stiff, straddling gait with the 
hind legs. The loins are tender, as is shown by pinching them, 
when the horse crouches. There is less trouble in backing than 
where there is sprain of the back or loins, but it is found very 
difficult to turn the horse around or describe a circle with his 
body. There is straining to discharge urine, which may be 
passed in large quantities, in deficiency, or, perhaps, not at all, 
and, as is the case in all acute affections, thirst and loss of ap- 
petite are noticeable. 

In the general treatment of the urinary organs we have al- 
ways advised the systematic use of Standard Food in connec- 
tion with good remedies for their relief. The basis of this ad- 
vice has been the experience we have gained from feeding it in 
private use, and the high testimony we have received indorsing 
its value for these diseases. In the manufacture of the Food 
no direct diuretics are used, which, our experience teaches us, 
makes it of great value in treating this class of disease. Fur- 
thermore, ingredients for its manufacture have been introduced 



INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 69 

by us, which act as a powerful tonic to these organs, and which 
are used by no other manufactory of the kind in the United 
States, and which our readers are assured will act in the mild- 
est and most efficient manner, and, in connection with general 
good treatment, perform a cure where it can be reasonably ex- 
pected. 

Inflammation of the Kidneys. — This disease is generally 
caused by hard work, by slipping, or from sudden colds by being 
exposed to rain and cold, the eating of musty hay or unhealthy 
food of any kind; powerful and continued diuretics are liable 
to cause it. 

Symptoms — More or less fever of the general system, and 
unwillingness to move, particularly the hind legs: very sensi- 
tive to pressure on the spine. The horse looks anxiously around 
at his flanks, stands with his hind legs wide apart and straddles 
as he walks. He is turned with difficulty on account of pain. 
The urine is high colored, sometimes bloody, and is voided in 
small quantities. The pulse is quick and hard. 

Treatment — No diuretics are to be given as they would 
simply aggravate the case and make it worse. Give the horse 
one pint of linseed or olive oil and then the following: 
\ drachm powdered opium. 
\ pint linseed mucilage. 

Mix : Give at one dose; repeat every eight hours. 
The loins should be fomented with hot water, or covered with 
mustard poultice. Soon the inflammatory symptoms subside; 
the horse does not have so much pain, and the color of the urine 
becomes lighter. Discontinue the above treatment and give one 
ounce of the fluid extract of buchu morning and evening. Lin- 
seed tea should be supplied liberally as a drink during the time 
while the horse is under treatment, and care must be taken not 
to allow the bowels to become overloaded. After recovery the 
horse should be kept quiet for a month and allowed good feed 
and care, with light daily exercise. During this time the mod. 
erate use of Standard Food will be found very beneficial. 

Should it be suspected that the horse is suffering pain, caused 



70 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

by the passage or presence of urinary calculi, then thirty to 
forty drops of muriatic acid should be given in a pailful of 
water once or twice a day. 

Inflammation of the Bladder. — It may be caused by the 
injudicious use of powerful diuretic medicines, or from the use 
of fly blister or turpentine. 

Symptoms — The principal symptoms are almost identical with 
those of inflammation of the kidneys. The urine is voided fre- 
quently in small quantities, and in some cases the act of stall- 
ing is almost continual. The horse looks frequently at his 
flanks, paws, and flinches to pressure on the flanks. 

Treatment — The same treatment that is recommended for 
inflammation of the kidneys should be adopted The principal 
object is to lower inflammation. Do not bleed; give aconite in 
twenty-drop doses, four hours apart, till six doses are given, to 
reduce the fever. In addition to the treatment advised, give 
five drachms of the bicarbonate of soda twice a day, to neutral- 
ize the urine. 

Diabetes — Profuse Stalling. — This disease consists princi- 
pally of a greatly increased flow of urine, without any apparent 
structural disease of the kidneys. 

It arises, in a great measure, from feeding musty or heated 
hay, exposure to cold, etc. It is frequently caused by the 
improper use of diuretics, as nitrate, saltpetre, resin, etc., which 
are frequently used in large quantities by persons who are 
ignorant of the harm they are doing. These ingredients are 
used in most of the condition powders that are for sale. It is 
not prudent or necessary to give such medicine, unless it is for 
some specific purpose, and then very cautiously. 

Symptoms — The extreme thirst attracts attention ; the horse 
is constantly craving water and rapidly loses condition, the coat 
is rough and staring, he passes large quantities of clear urine, 
his litter being constantly wet. 

Treatment — It is usually easily checked,if taken in time. The 
bowels must be kept free. Give nutritious diet, and of the best 
quality, allow frequent draughts of linseed tea. A drachm or 



STONE IN THE BLADDER, BLOODY URINE. 71 

two of the sulphate of iron may occasionally be mixed with the 
oats, and one ounce of the fluid extract of buchu may be given 
every night. 

Iodine in two-drachm doses, once or twice a day, is claimed 
to be a never failing remedy. 

The following ball may be given night and morning: 
1 drachm iodine. 
1 drachm iodide of potassium. 
1 drachm Barbadoes aloes. 
Licorice and syrup sufficient to make a ball. 

Tonics should be commenced early. With this aim, feed a 
measure of Standard Food at each meal. 

Should the disease not yield to such treatment, the case may 
be considered incurable. 

Calculi — Stone in the Bladder. — These are concretions 
formed in the bladder from a diseased condition of the urine. 

Symptoms — Many of the symptoms are similar to those of 
spasmodic colic. There is pain, an occasional stoppage in the 
urine before all is passed, and a straddling gait. 

Treatment — There is no treatment in the province of medi- 
cine that can be recommended. Relief is to be secured by a 
surgical operation, a description of which will be of no avail 
here. Seek the services of a competent veterinary surgeon and 
place the case in his hands. 

Bloody Urine. — This is the result of sprains or injuries of 
the loins, unwholesome food, violent exercise, etc. Strong 
diuretics are also occasional causes. 

Treatment — Remove the cause, whatever it may be. Give 
plenty of linseed tea to drink. Apply warm water to the loins. 
Give one of the following pills daily: 

1 ounce sugar of lead. 

2 ounces linseed meal. 

Mix with syrup and divide into eight pills. 



DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 

Care in Preventing — Abortion — Hints on Prevention of — 
Difficult Parturition — Sterility in Stallions. 
This class of disease in the horse is not by any means infre- 
quent, but is mostly confined to breeding districts. It is certain 
that thousands of farmers and stock breeders suffer more loss 
from the evils of abortion, alone, than from all other diseases 
among their stock; while other diseases that come under the 
same general head go to make up a list that occupies a position 
to command their careful attention, that knowledge may be 
gained and measures adopted for their prevention and judi- 
cious handling. 

They arise from a variety of causes, among the most promi- 
nent of which are poor feed and neglect, producing a debilitated 
condition of the system; mechanical injuries affecting the parts; 
the improper feeding of smutty corn or of fodder containing 
ergot; excitement and irritation accompanying gestation or 
parturition; and diseases of the urinary organs. 

There is no class of disease in which the natural rules of 
prevention should be more assiduously adhered to than in this. 
The farmer or breeder who is active and watchful enough to 
prevent disease among his stock is, from a general point of 
view, successful It means a great deal, and applies in the 
consideration of every class of disease, but in none more than 
this. In many cases severe forms of disease may be safely 
handled in proper hands, and the calling of a veterinarian may 
be the means of again setting matters right; but there is no use 
in doing this after the damage has been done, as in a case of 
abortion, where there is no help but in prevention. 

Abortion — as has already been stated, there are many cases 
in which more loss is suffered from abortion than from all other 
diseases among stock. It consists of the expulsion from the 



ABORTION AND ITS PREVENTION. 73 

womb of the foetus, prematurely, or before its natural time. 
It is caused by blows or pressure on the abdomen, slips or falls, 
diseases of the abdominal organs, the feeding of poor and innu- 
tritious food, causing a poor and generally unthrifty condition; 
of ergotted hay or smutty corn, drinking water that is foul or 
very cold, severe exercise after a long rest, hot and damp sta- 
bles, and the abortion of other animals in the same stable. 
These are the principal causes, but it is caused more from errors 
in diet and care, in feeding too little or too much, or upon fod- 
der that is innutritious and harmful, than anything else, as they 
produce a deranged or diseased condition of the system, when 
abortion is likely to follow. 

Prevention — Avoid every cause as much as possible that 
may seem likely to produce it. See that the animal is allowed 
good, wholesome diet, and enough to keep it in good condition. 
Indigestion should be studiously avoided, for it is followed by 
debility and disease. Smutty corn or hay containing ergot 
should not be fed, but if these must be consumed, feed with 
carrots, turnips, etc. Keep in well ventilated stables, and, 
finally, assist the digestion and strengthen the system by the 
moderate use of Standard Food. If the animal is in fair con- 
dition, two measures a day will be sufficient. It makes good 
blood and gives tone to the system, and strengthens the gene- 
rative organs. If it is fed in this way, and general good care is 
given, it will prove of the utmost value, and, barring accident 
or injury to the animal, do all that is required. It has been 
used where abortions have occurred in a herd, effectually stop- 
ping it, by which reason we are amply able to judge of its 
value. 

An animal aborting from any cause should be allowed to 
run over several periods of heat before she is served again. 
When abortions have broken out in a herd, good results have 
followed the use of chlorate of potassa daily, in one- half ounce 
doses. 

When the abortion becomes inevitable, it must be allowed 
to proceed as in parturition, and assistance given if necessary. 



74 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

Difficult Parturition — Danger from parturition arises 
chiefly in its being forced from any cause before its natural 
time, from unnatural conditions of the passages or from wrong 
presentations. It is easy in most animals and is, in nearly all 
cases, a matter of mechanical simplicity. The results are 
usually most satisfactory when left to nature. The relaxation 
of the ligaments of the pelvis, which are gently dilated by the 
advancing water bags, is the natural preparation, and makes it 
in animals, where good condition has been maintained, a process 
which is rarely difficult or protracted. 

Excellent results may be secured by feeding two to three 
measures daily of Standard Food in warm, sloppy feed, for sev- 
eral weeks before parturition. 

Various disorders are likely to follow parturition that is 
difficult, particularly in animals that have become weak 
and poor from innutritious food or lack of care, and these 
should be carefully prevented. Flooding, retained afterbirth, 
leucorrhoea, etc., may be prevented by the regular use of the 
Food in building up and strengthening the system of the animal. 
Sterility in Stallions. — The question has been asked us a 
great many times by farmers and breeders, " Is the Standard 
Food a good thing to feed to stallions/' and we have always 
answered that it is, supplementing our reply with the informa- 
tion that we never saw any thing better. This we have always 
claimed without reserve, for we have observed the results of its 
use closely, and they have been good indeed. It is well known 
that many stallions, during a season of hard service, will fail to 
place some mares with foal, even though every surrounding is 
propitious to that result, and some, even without excessive copu- 
lation, prove sterile in frequent cases. Our careful observation 
of the tests of Standard Food in overcoming this difficulty 
fully warrants us in recommending its use in such cases. It 
makes good blood, gives fertility and tone to the system, and 
strength to the generative organs, and, in a general course of 
strengthening, fits him for labor and fruitful service. 



DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 

Frost-Bites — Scratches — G rease — Lice — Mange — 
Eruptions. 

Frost-Bites. — These cause extreme swelling of the heels and 
back part of the hind legs, and are the result of exposure of the 
parts in severe weather on account of broken doors or open 
places in the walls of the stable, which admit the cold. 

Treatment — If the legs are swollen and painful, rub them 
with snow or cold water, continuing gradually with warm water. 
Then rub dry and apply Standard Stock Liniment. Apply the 
liniment twice a day afterwards, until well. 

Scratches, Mud-Fever, Cracked Heels. — These diseases 
are very common among horses, especially in the spring and 
fall months. They are often the result of keeping horses stand- 
ing in damp or filthy stables. Another common cause is wash- 
ing the legs without afterwards rubbing them dry. The hollow 
of the pasterns are swollen and cracked and there is usually 
more or less lameness. The parts are hot and tender and fre- 
quently bleed. 

Treatment — The horse should be given plenty of litter and 
kept in a clean, dry stall. Wash off the parts with warm water 
and soap, dry thoroughly and apply Standard Stock Liniment 
twice a day. If the horse is in poor condition, or his blood dis- 
ordered, feed one measure of the Standard Food at each meal. 
This treatment has been used in many cases and found very 
reliable. 

We give below a remedy recommended very highly by one 
of the most successful horsemen in the country: 
3 ounces oxide of zinc. 
2 drachms carbolic acid. 
10 ounces lard. 

Mix: Apply twice a day. 

75 



76 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

The following prescription is regarded very valuable by a 
noted liorseman: 

£ ounces resin. 

2 " copperas. 

2 " alum. 

1 " bees wax. 

4 " tallow. 

1 pint tar 
Boil slowly and skim. Use when cool. 

Grease. — This is a disease of the heels and legs of the horse, 
similar in nature to scratches, but of a more aggravated form, 
and produced by the same general causes. In the early stage 
the sweat glands are inflamed and there is a discharge from the 
heels of an offensive oily character, which often causes portions 
of the skin to slough off, producing unsightly sores on the parts. 
Treatment — All medicinal aid is useless unless the parts are 
kept clean. Most cases are readily cured by washing the heels, 
and after drying them well applying Standard Stock Liniment 
twice a day. It may be safely claimed that this treatment is 
all that is necessary in the early stages of the disease. It must 
be kept up regularly, however, for, on account of the nature of 
the disease, there is no certainty of an early cure. In place of 
the Liniment the following lotion may be applied daily, which, 
in mild cases will generally suffice: 

30 grains chloride of zinc. 
1 pint water. 
In cases of long standing, cut off the hair and apply linseed 
poultices to the parts, mixing with them a little powdered char- 
coal. After removing the poultices apply the following oint- 
ment each morning and wash off clean at night: 

1 scruple acetate of lead. 

4 drachms soft soap. 

4 drachms lard. 
The above is highly recommended by a practical horseman. 
Feed the Standard Food while giving the external treatment, 



GREASE, LICE, MANGE. 77 

one to two measures at each meal, according to the condition 
of the animal. 

Lice. — In the majority of cases the presence of lice may be 
attributed to want of cleanliness. The curry comb and brush 
and clean stables are the preventives. 

When a horse is taken with itching, and scratches and rubs 
himself as if something were annoying him, examine him care- 
fully for lice, and if present they can be seen with the naked 
eye. 

Treatment — Take liver of sulphur, one ounce; cold water, 
one pint; mix and apply with a hard brush to but a portion of 
the body at a time. 

A decoction of stavesacre is very effectual, and is made as 
follows: Powdered stavesacre seeds, four ounces; boiling water, 
four pints. When cool, apply with a brush, after which tie up 
the animal's head till the skin is perfectly dry. 

In addition to the local treatment feed Standard Food, one 
measure at each meal to improve the condition. 

Mange — This is the result of an insect burrowing in the 
skin, and is very contagious. It may be generated by unclean- 
liness and poor care, but is usually the result of direct con- 
tagion from coming in contact with a mangy horse, his blankets 
or harness. A healthy and clean horse, however, may stand 
for weeks near a mangy one without taking the disease, which 
shows that plenty of " elbow grease " with the curry comb and 
brush and good feed are the preventives. 

Symptoms — Generally the first symptom to be observed is 
the horse rubbing his head and neck against the manger. 
Small pimples appear and the hair falls of. The skin is dry and 
hard; the hair has lost its gloss and does not lay smooth upon the 
body. A mangy horse is soon reduced in flesh on account of 
the constant irritation. 

Treatment — The disease being of a local nature requires 
local treatment. The following is recommended: 
2£ ounces creosote. 
15 ounces spirits wine. 
40 ounces water. 



78 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

Before applying wash the horse thoroughly with soap and 
water, then when dry use the creosote mixture. 

Another plan of treatment, recommended by a prominent 
veterinarian, is to wash the animal thoroughly with castile 
soap and water, wipe dry and apply the following mixture: 

1 pound unslaked lime. 

2 pounds flour of sulphur. 
12 pints water. 

This mixture should be previously prepared by placing in 
a stone jar on the stove until it boils. Stir with a wooden 
spatula and keep boiling for ten minutes; then set it aside and 
at the end of twelve hours pour off the clear liquid and bottle 
tightly and put away in a dark place. Should it fail in the 
first instance, a second application will do no harm whatever. 

Eruptions — There are many different varieties of skin 
diseases, many of which are much the same and produced by 
the same causes. A certain class of skin disease, which we 
have chosen to place under the head of eruptions, shows faulty 
digestion, humors and impurities of the blood, etc. The hair 
falls off in places, leaving the skin bald and covered with small 
pimples. The derangement may be so severe, indeed, that the 
limbs and body will break out in small sores. 

The condition of the blood must be improved and the 
digestion corrected to cure the disease. To this end feed 
Standard Food regularly, one to two measures at each meal, 
with good grain feed. There is nothing more effective. 



LOCAL INJURIES, LAMENESS, ETC. 

General Remarks — Cuts and Wounds — Barb "Wire Wounds 
— Bruises, Punctures, etc. — Sprains — SweLLiNGS — Sad- 
dle or Collar Galls — Proud Flesh — Stings of Bees — 
Broken Knees — Capped Hock — Capped Elbow — Ring- 
bone — Spavin — Blood Spavin — Curb — Splints — Side 
Bones — Thoroughpin — Wind Galls — Firing Horses — 
Foot Diseases — Contraction — Corns — Pricks — Sand or 
Quarter Crack — Navicular Disease — Thrush — Quit- 
ter — Fistula — Polevil — Sweent — Founder — Chronic 
Founder — Lock Jaw. 

This class of affections is large and varied, and embraces 
wounds, bruises of the skin and deeper seated tissues, fractures 
of bones, sprains of ligaments and tendons, dislocations, etc., 
etc. The importance of this chapter entitles it to more space 
than we can devote to it, but we trust the following concise 
forms of treatment will, if carefully carried out, lead to the 
most satisfactory results. 

The rational treatment of the foregoing diseases, the world 
over, has been the application of compresses, poultices and 
liniments. A careful study of these diseases has resulted in 
the production of our Standard Stock Liniment. Having stood 
the severe test of years of constant trial, this preparation has 
become what its name implies, a standard specific in the above 
and all kindred diseases; and, on account of the unusual merits 
of this Liniment, justice will compel us to recommend the 
Standard Stock Liniment in many of the forms of treat- 
ment which follow. 

Cuts and Wounds — These injuries are easily managed in 
most cases. In character they are eitker cuts, lacerations, 
bruises or punctures. In cuts from any instrument, the first 
thing to be done is to clip the hair from around the edges of 

79 



80 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

the wound, and wash thoroughly with warm water and castile 
soap, apply Standard Stock Liniment, and repeat this treatment 
daily until a cure is effected. In cuts of a more serious char- 
acter, involving the rupture of large veins or arteries, the flow 
of blood should be stopped at once. This may be done by 
touching them with a hot iron, or a more simple and usually 
effective remedy is covering the part with cob-webs. Should 
there be much inflammation and pain, poultice; but, if poultic- 
ing is impractical, hot fomentations must be applied in con- 
junction with the Liniment, and continued until it subsides. 

Give the horse freedom from flies and all other annoyances. 

Barb Wire Wounds. — Of all the dangers of external injury 
to which western horses are subject, the barbed wire fence is 
responsible for more than all other causes combined. Injuries 
from this cause demand the most intelligent treatment, on 
account of the seriousness of their character. The treatment 
should be similar to that recommended for ordinary cuts. The 
danger arises mainly from the poisonous effects of the wire, and 
should be promptly attended to. No better result can be secured 
than by the free use of Standard Stock Liniment. It counter- 
acts the effects of the poison, produces a healthy suppuration 
and checks inflammation, so that by using it once or twice a 
day a speedy cure is effected. 

We have used the Liniment in our personal practice so suc- 
cessfully that we have no hesitancy in guaranteeing it as the 
best specific for barb wire wounds on the market. 

Bruises, Punctures, Etc. — These are caused by kicks, blows, 
falls, etc., and on account of location are frequently hard to 
treat. A special feature is a loss of vitality which often leads 
to slow recovery. The first object to be attained is the resto- 
ration of the affected parts to healthy action; stimulants must 
then be diligently employed. Standard Stock Liniment con- 
tains all the elements necessary to accomplish this^ end. 

Punctures are usually caused by nails, the point of a fork, 
or other sharp instruments. The same treatment should be 
employed as has been recommended for barb wire wounds. 



SPRAINS, SWELLINGS, GALLS. 81 

Sprains. — Injuries of this nature are caused by over exer- 
tion of the part affected, producing a rupture of some of the 
fibres of which it is composed. 

The treatment of sprains is so simple, and their neglect so 
disastrous as to merit special attention. Give the horse com- 
plete rest, without which no cure can be expected; bathe the 
affected parts with warm water and rub thoroughly dry; then 
apply Standard Stock Liniment, rubbing well to promote healthy 
action, repeating twice" a day until cured. Improve the 
general condition of the horse by feeding bran mash to which 
has been added a measure of Standard Food. 

Swellings. — Hard, inflammatory swellings, caused by injury, 
suppuration, diseased bone, etc., are very frequent among work 
horses, and are often the most troublesome and unsightly ail- 
ments the horse is heir to. Intelligent forms of treatment can 
always be had which will aid and often cure. As a general 
form of treatment, nothing will be- found better than the regular 
and systematic use of Standard Stock Liniment, in connection 
with thorough and persistent rubbing. 

Saddle or Collar Galls. — These are very common as well 
as annoying evils which beset work horses. The cause is usually 
a poorly fitting harness or saddle. 

The treatment consists in keeping the parts clean, properly 
adjusting the harness and applying a good healing lotion. The 
best thing we know of is Standard Stock Liniment. 

Proud Flesh. — A name commonly applied to hasty granu- 
lations in a sore or wound, which presents a fungus appear- 
ance. 

Treatment — Sprinkle the wound wi?t?h a little powdered blue 
vitriol. The Standard Stock Liniment will also have an excel- 
lent effect in stimulating a healthy growth of new flesh. 

Stings of Bees. — These are the source of great pain and 
irritation to horses, and sometimes lead to very serious results. 
The prompt application of Standard Stock Liniment will relieve 
the pain at once. Apply every two or three hours until cured. 



82 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

In case the Liniment cannot be had, apply a strong solution of 
camphor and good vinegar. 

Broken Knees. — When a horse stumbles and falls upon his 
knees, taking the hair and some of the skin off, it is called 
broken knee. They are of all degrees of severity, but require 
much the same treatment as a common wound or bruise. 
Cleanse the parts from sand and dirt, and, if the knee joint has 
not been injured so as to allow the escape of joint oil, the reg- 
ular use of Standard Stock Liniment will effect an early cure, as 
it is an excellent remedy for all abrasions of this character, 
healing them in a remarkably short time. In case the joint is 
affected, secure the services of a competent veterinarian at once, 
as it may save the horse. 

Capped Hock. — This name is given to a soft swelling on 
the point of the hock, and is caused by kicking in stable or in 
harness, lying on stone floored stalls, or by kicks from other 
horses. 

The best treatment is the regular use of the Standard Stock 
Liniment. The parts should first be bathed with cold water, to 
reduce any inflammation, then rub thoroughly dry, and apply 
the liniment. This treatment, if repeated twice a day, will 
produce a cure as quickly as any remedy that can be prescribed. 

It might be well to remember that time is required to 
remove any enlargement, and patience is as important as good 
medicine. 

Capped Elbow. — This is an enlargement at the point of the 
the shoulder, and is caused by the calk of the shoe pressing 
against the part while the horse is lying down. 

Treatment — The enlargement, partaking of the nature of an 
abcess, should be opened, after which treat as an ordinary 
wound, applying Standard Stock Liniment once or twice a day. 

Ring-Bone. — This is a form of disease similar to spavin and 
splint, and consists of a morbid enlargement of the bone located 
just above the crown of the hoof. Many cases are of hereditary 
origin, on account of ill-formed pastern joints, which are poorly 



CAPPED HOCK, RING-BONE, SPAVIN. 

adapted to nard work, and ring-bone is the result of nature's 
attempt to strengthen the joint. 

The exciting causes of ring-bone are sprains brought on by 
overwork; in short, either sprain, injury, blow or bruise may 
act as the direct agent in bringing about the disease. 

Treatment — The remedies commonly used are varied and 
extensive. Forms of treatment are adopted which are not only 
foolish but barbarous. It seems that the ring-bone is not enough 
to torment the poor brute, but that firing and other equally 
inhuman practices prevail, more in the past than in the present, 
to be sure ; but such treatment should be discontinued by every 
man who loves a horse. The idea of curing ring-bone, and 
restoring the parts to their normal condition, is absurd. Much, 
however, may be done in the way of reducing the enlargement, 
and, in recent cases, intelligent forms of treatment will do 
much toward restoring the joint to its natural form and uses. 
First, remove all heat and inflammation with cold water cloths 
wrapped around the limb for three days, taking them off at night; 
then apply Standard Stock Liniment, and rub vigorously until 
thoroughly dry. This treatment should be followed daily. An 
accompanying treatment, recommended by a noted veterinarian, 
will be found to work exceedingly well in some cases. It is the 
application of cod liver oil and kerosene in equal parts, alter- 
nating with the Liniment, using it in the morning, and the Lini- 
ment at night. Bear in mind that a cure must not be expected, 
for you are treating what is termed an incurable disease; but 
perseverance in this treatment will reasonably reward every 
effort. 

Spavin. — This consists of a diseased condition of the hock, 
and is commonly located on the inner side, the result of which 
is ulceration, inflammation, or a bony deposit. There is usually 
an* enlargement of the size of half a walnut, and sometimes 
larger, while frequently there is no enlargement to be dis- 
covered. 

The causes of spavin are numerous, but result chiefly from 
hard work, sprains, or any cause which may excite inflammation 



84, FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

of this part. The most common cause lies in the breeding of 
horses on account of malformation of the limb. 

Symptoms — The horse shows a stiff moving of the toe, which 
causes a peculiar, quick catching up of the leg, especially in 
trotting, which usually passes off so that no lameness is exhib- 
ited after being exercised for a short time. If turned quickly 
in a narrow circle, the animal drops on the limb, carries it stiffly 
or even rests on the toe only. 

Treatment — The hopes of success must greatly depend upon 
the time the evil has existed, It must be begun before the 
bon}^ deposit has gained its full solidity, so as to form a part of 
the bone itself. The removal of acute lameness is generally 
the chief benefit which can be expected. Our principal hope, in 
recommending the form of treatment we do, lies in not only 
preventing the bony deposit, but in removing the inflammation 
which is the cause of much of the pain, stiffness and enlarge- 
ment of the ligaments. Standard Stock Liniment has given 
such universal satisfaction in the treatment of spavin, not to 
cure to all intents and purposes, but to do what we have stated 
above, that we feel justified in recommending it, knowing that 
it will satisfy any horseman who expects a reasonable result. 
Give the horse a complete and entire rest, as a cure can not be 
otherwise expected; bathe the limb in warm water, and rub 
thoroughly dry; then apply Standard Stock Liniment to the 
diseased part as often as three times a day. Continue this 
treatment until the lameness has been reduced, when one or 
two applications of Liniment a day, with good rubbing, will 
suffice. 

Do not expect impossibilities; old cases are practically 
incurable, but more recent ones may be treated in this way 
with reasonable success. 

Blood Spavin. — This is an enlargement situated in front of 
the hock joint. It is soft and fluctuating, rarely causing lame- 
ness. It is sometimes so extensive as to involve the sides of 
the hock joint. There is really no satisfactory treatment for 
this difficulty. The best that can be recommended is to bathe 



CURB, SPLINTS, SIDEBONES. 85 

the joint with cold water, or, better, direct a stream of cold 
water upon the joint for ten minutes; rub dry, and apply 
Standard Stock Liniment well rubbed in with the hand. Give 
the horse complete rest if possible. Do not attempt to open 
the swelling, as there is danger of injuring the joint. 

Curb.— This is a swelling upon the back part of the hock 
just below the point and is the result of strain of the ligaments. 
Horses with ill shaped hocks are most susceptible to this dis- 
ease, or those having what is known as cow hocks. 

Treatment— Curbs are not usually difficult to manage; what 
is most required is attention and perseverance; without these no 
form of treatment can result happily. Put on a high heeled 
shoe, then bathe the hock in as hot water as the hand will bear, 
and rub thoroughly dry; do not neglect the rubbing, after 
which apply Standard Stock Liniment to the swelling. Repeat 
this treatment daily for at least a month, at the end of which 
time the swelling will begin to disappear. Continue the use 
of the Standard Stock Liniment as often as may seem necessary. 
Bear in mind that rest to the animal is one of the most essen- 
tial requisites to a cure. 

Splints.— This is a small bony enlargement which appears 
usually upon the inner side of the foreleg, well up toward the 
knee. It is generally caused by working horses when too 
young, but frequently disappears as the animal grows older. 

Treatment for this enlargement should be that usually rec- 
ommended for bone spavin. 

Side Bones. — This disease is most common in the fore feet, 
and especially where the pasterns are straight and short. Prop- 
erly speaking, it is the ossification of the cartilages of the bones 
of the foot. 

Treatment — The same principles must be observed as in all 
these diseases. Rest is essential; cold water application, and 
the regular use of Standard Stock Liniment, will be found as 
satisfactory as any treatment that can be used. 

Thoroughpin. — This is synonymous with blood spavin, and 
is located on the inside of the hock just above the point where, 



86 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

in the natural condition of the limb, is a hollow. These en- 
largements rarely cause lameness, although the parts involved 
may become inflamed. A simple and highly recommended 
remedy is the application to the enlargement, as soon as it ap- 
pears, of soft soap and salt, well rubbed in at night and washed 
off in the morning repeating three or four times. 

The same treatment can be recommended as that given for 
the cure of blood spavin. 

Wind Galls. — These are soft but elastic swellings or en- 
largements and are not accompanied by any inflammation what- 
ever. They are found between the knee and the pastern joint. 
Any treatment for them will usually be unsatisfactory, from 
the fact that the same causes which produce them will bring 
them back again even after removal. Cold compresses, vigor- 
ous rubbing, and the application of Standard Stock Liniment, 
will do much towards their removal, as well as fortify the parts 
against their return. 

Foot Diseases. — Nearly all of these diseases are directly or 
indirectly the result of faults in shoeing and the lack of care 
of the feet. One of the points on which the owner should al- 
ways be careful is that the foot should be properly pared to re- 
ceive the shoe. The frog need never be touched any more than 
to remove hanging shreds More horses' feet have been 
spoiled by paring down the heel and in cutting and trimming 
the frog than in any other way. Always see that the shoe fits 
accurately at all points of the hoof, and that it is nailed on by 
careful workmen. Remove the shoes before the hoofs have 
overgrown them, so as to allow them to bear upon the sole. 

Contraction. — This is the result of bad management in the 
stable and a lack of knowledge in shoeing. Contraction is an 
alteration of the shape of the back portion of the foot — a nar- 
rowing at the heels. 

Treatment — Cut down the hoof and shorten the toe, but do 
not touch the bars nor frog. Soften the hoof by soaking it 
often in warm water. Then put on a light shoe and use the 
animal only at light work. Anoint the hoof, frog and sole 



FOOT DISEASES, CONTRACTION, CORNS. 87 

daily with a mixture of fish oil and spirits of turpentine, which 
will soon soften the foot and render it elastic. Nailing the shoe 
on one side of the heel only is recommended as an assistant in 
the cure of contracted feet. 

Corns. — This is the result of an injury to the sole of the 
foot, caused by a bruise, or from the shoe pressing upon the 
part. It is characterized by a red spot, which may not be ob- 
served unMl the sole has been pared down. It is usually lo- 
cated on the inner portion of the heel, and generally causes 
lameness to a greater or less degree. When neglected, corns 
are very apt to cause the formation of matter within the hoof. 
Treatment — Remove the corns by cutting them out, then 
hold up the foot and apply a few drops of commercial sulphuric 
acid to the part. In shoeing the horse see that the shoe bears 
evenly upon the wall of the foot only. A dressing which is 
highly recommended is equal parts of tar and olive oil. When 
matter has been formed within the hoof, make a small opening 
in the sole, so as to allow it to escape, after which, cleanse the 
foot thoroughly and apply Standard Stock Liniment. 

Pricks. — This injury may occur from shoeing or from step- 
ping on a nail or other sharp pointed substance. 

Treatment — First pull out the nail and poultice the foot 
over night. Then see that there is an opening for the escape 
of matter that may have formed. This is very necessary, for, 
if the matter does not escape, it not only causes great suffering 
to the horse, but will break out at the top of the hoof, thus 
forming a quitter. After an opening has been properly made, 
drop five drops of muriatic acid into the hole once a day for a 
day or two, then treat the same as for suppurated corn. In all 
cases of pricks, where pus is formed and allowed to escape 
through proper openings, if rightly treated, no further trouble 
need be apprehended ; but, if matter is not formed from in- 
juries of this sort, a tendon has been pierced and lock-jaw may 
be expected. 

Sand or Quarter Crack — This is a split in the hoof which 
may occur in all places, and in either fore or hind feet, but is 



88 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

usually located on the inner side of the fore feet. It is caused 
by the hoofs becoming dry and brittle. It is evident, also, that 
it is caused in some cases by contraction. The principal object 
should be to prevent it. This may be done by applying to 
brittle feet equal portions of oil of tar and fish oil, with a brush, 
a few times a week. Soaking boots are manufactured which 
are well adapted to supply moisture for the softening of the 
hoof. 

Navicular Disease. — This is a disease of the navicular 
bone in the foot of the horse, and is of frequent occurrence. It 
is caused by constant work upon hard paved streets. Slight 
inflammation, neglected, without giving rest to the horse, con- 
tinues until it ends in ulceration of the bone. 

Symptoms — The animal, while standing, throws the affected 
foot forward, thus transferring the weight of the forepart of the 
body upon the other limb; he has a short, hobbling gait, and 
steps cautiously. It is also determined by undue heat of 
the foot; the muscles of the shoulder waste, and the heels 
become pinched in and the walls are thin and weak. 

The liability to navicular disease is very great in horses 
with narrow chests, upright pasterns and out turned toes. 

Treatment — This is unsatisfactory, except in recent cases. 
Remove the shoe, shorten the toe, and keep standing from 
morning till night in a puddle of wet clay in which the foot 
will sink to the top of the hoof. At night place in a dry stall 
and apply Standard Stock Liniment to the coronet and heei of 
the foot. In case the wet clay treatment cannot be secured, 
place the hoof in warm water, which will soften it and relieve 
the pressure; then use the Liniment as above directed. This 
treatment will give relief, and, in most cases, effect a cure. 

Thrush. — This is located in the frog of the foot, and is 
characterized by an offensive discharge. It is commonly 
caused by unclean stables, exposing the foot to the filthy ac- 
cumulations of urine and excrement; it is also caused by 
bruises or wounds of the frog, or the accumulation of dried 
mud, etc. 



NAVICULAR DISEASE, QUITTER, FISTULA. 89 

Treatment — Wash the foot clean; pare away all ragged 
parts of the frog; keep the stables dry and clean; and apply 
Standard Stock Liniment to the part once a day. 

Quitter. — This is a painful disease of the foot, and is 
known by the swelling of the coronet, which soon breaks and 
discharges pus. The quarter is enlarged and the lameness is 
severe and protracted. It is caused by wounds of the coronet, 
suppurating corns, bruises, pricks and wounds of the sole, etc. 

Treatment — It is very necessary in the treatment of this 
disease that a free opening be made in the bottom of the foot, 
so as to allow the escape of all matter. The swelling 
will thus be quickly reduced. Get a small syringe and 
inject into the opening a mixture of the sulphate of zinc, 
two ounces, and rain water, eight ounces, once a day. Never 
poultice the whole of the hoof. If poulticing is thought advis- 
able, one of linseed may be applied to the sole. If no opening 
has been made in the sole, drop ten drops of muriatic acid into 
the opening above once a day for a few days, and apply Stand- 
ard Stock Liniment to the coronet and heel. This treatment 
will be very efficient. 

In concluding our remarks upon the diseases of the foot, we 
wish to say that it is necessary in these, as in all other diseases of 
a like nature, to keep the bowels free and active. To this end 
give frequent feeds of bran mash, and use Standard Food 
regularly, one measure at each meal. The general health of the 
horse will thus be promoted and any external treatment be 
greatly assisted. 

Fistula. — Fistula of the withers is caused by an injury to 
the bones of the withers. This disease is frequently called 
thesolow. It is of the nature of an abscess, and is usually 
deep seated. By reason of its location, this disease is more 
liable to become serious than any other of this nature, for the 
pus, instead of working to the outward surface, penetrates the 
loose tissues of the shoulder, and forms pipes pointing in sev- 
eral directions. It may extend to both sides of the withers and 
even involve the vertebrae, if neglected, and the cure will be 



90 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

proportionately more difficult. It is caused by bruises and 
accidents, inflammation of the bone; in fact, any cause which 
will produce an abscess will produce fistula. 

Treatment — In the early stages, when there is simply in- 
flammation and soreness, cooling applications, such as pouring 
cold water upon it, or directing a small stream of water from 
a hose against it, is very beneficial, and often times sufficient, 
when resorted to at once. The part may be kept wet with the 
following lotion: 

4 ounces salt petre. 

1 ounce sugar of lead. 

1 ounce muriate of ammonia. 

1 pint common salt. 

2 gallons cold water. 

Cover the withers with a few thicknesses of cloth kept wet with 
this lotion. If, however, matter forms, the sooner the abscess 
is opened the better. Make an opening into its lowest side, so 
as to allow the escape of matter as freely as possible; then 
inject a half tablespoonful of the tincture of iodine once a day, 
for a few days, which will serve to eat or destroy the mem- 
branous formations. It may then be treated as a common sore, 
by keeping it clean and occasionally washing the parts well, 
first with castile soap and water, then with a mild solution of 
blue vitriol or carbolic acid and water. A few drops of the 
carbolic acid to a pint of water will be sufficiently strong. The 
top of the sore should be kept open by inserting a small piece of 
cotton smeared with simple ointment, for, if allowed to heal 
while containing pus, it will continue to form and break out 
anew. 

Keep the bowels open and improve the general condition of 
the horse by feeding Standard Food. 

Poll evil. — The affection is located at the back part of the 
head, and is so well known to horsemen that a description is 
hardly necessary. It commences with inflammation, followed 
by suppuration in the form of a simple abscess, or in the form 
of fistula. It is caused by injury to the poll, which may occur 
in many ways, or from disease of the bone. 



FISTULA, POLL EVIL. 91 

Treatment — As soon as the swelling has become a little soft 
have it opened without delay. It will not do to allow the mat- 
ter to accumulate, as it would spread in various directions, 
making a very formidable affection. Make the opening at its 
base and large enough to admit a man's finger. As soon as 
this is done all the matter must be squeezed out, which process 
may be accomplished by the use of a sponge and hot water. 
The sore may be syringed out with a solution of the sulphate of 
zinc, one drachm of the zinc to four ounces water. A simple 
remedy, which is claimed to be very effectual, is as follows: 
Burn corn cobs and fill the cavity with the ashes. Repeat two 
or three times if necessary to effect a cure. This treatment is 
vouched for by a prominent horseman, and is so easily procured 
that it is worthy of trial. 

The following treatment is recommended by a prominent 
veterinarian: 

4 ounces acetate of copper. 

4 ounces sulphate of copper. 

4 ounces alum. 

1 ounce white precipitate. 

2 ounces nitric acid. 
1 pound honey. 

This is to be used by saturating a little tow with it and 
pushing to the bottom of the ulcer, so that it will touch every 
part of it. In about twenty-four hours the diseased part can 
be separated from the healthy flesh with the finger, and taken 
out, when it is to be dressed as a simple wound. In the mean- 
time the animal must receive the best of treatment with regard 
to diet, for it is very rare that this disease can be cured by local 
treatment alone. The regular use of Standard Food will 
answer this purpose admirably. 

Sweeny. — This is a sprain of the muscle which fills up the 
rear cavity on the outer side of the shoulder joint. Soon the 
muscles begin to waste rapidly until the shoulder blade is 
prominently exposed. The primary cause may be laid to some 
disease in the foot or leg. 

Treatment — At first give rest and apply hot fomentations. 



92 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

When the muscles begin to form again this treatment may be 
supplemented by moderate use of Standard Stock Liniment, 
with gradually increasing exercise. Time must be given for 
nature to do its work, as this is as necessary as good medicine. 
In most cases, where the horse is turned out to pasture, he will 
recover all right. An occasional application of soft soap and 
salt has been highly recommended as an efficient form of treat- 
ment. 

Founder. — This disease is of two forms, acute and chronic, 
the latter being a continuance of the former. Acute founder 
consists of inflammation of the sensitive parts of the foot, and 
may be caused by direct injury, over exertion on hard roads, 
blows, bruises, pricks with nails, injury from a badly-fitting 
shoe, etc. It may also occur from a sudden chill, from drinking 
cold water when heated, from standing in a draft of air after a 
hard drive, or from over-loading the stomach with grain. 

Symptoms — The horse stands upon his heels with fore feet 
stretched forward and will scarcely move; the hind legs are 
brought well forward under the body; he is feverish and breathes 
quickly, presenting altogether a picture of distress. 

Treatment — The horse should be encouraged to lie down, by 
placing him in a wide stall with plenty of good bedding; give 
twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root in a little cold 
water every four hours, until six doses have been given; apply 
cold water cloths to the feet, changing them constantly until the 
pain subsides. If this treatment is adopted at once, the horse 
will usually come out all right in a few days. 

Keep the bowels in good condition by a liberal use of Stand- 
ard Food. It is an essential part of the treatment. 

Chronic Founder. — May be treated much in the- same way, 
only it is more necessary to soften the horn of tfhe feet with a 
preparation of oil of tar and fish oil in equal parts. Do not 
bleed from the foot or any other place for this disease; give the 
animal as much rest as possible, but do not expect a cure of 
this disease in the chronic stage. 



CARE AND TREATMENT OF CATTLE. 

It will be readily seen that to fully treat all the diseases 
common to cattle in a book of this size would be well nigh 
impossible, not to mention the limits of a single, chapter. We 
will, therefore, confine ourselves to a description of and a treat- 
ment for the more common diseases among them, including 
some of the more malignant disorders among cattle, together 
with the most rational methods for preventing them. 

Abortion. — This affection is found among all animals, but 
is most common among cows. Location often has a great deal 
to do with the prevalence of this disorder; occasionally neigh- 
borhoods are found where it seems to take almost an epidemic 
form. It consists in the cow parting with her calf before the 
full period of gestation has been completed. 

Symptoms — These are generally surrounded by more or less 
obscurity, according to the causes producing it. When the 
causes are not from disease of the generative organs themselves, 
the symptoms which will be generally observed are weakness 
and general debility. In cases where it assumes what appears 
to be an epidemic form, a slight, almost inaudible, cough will 
be observed. 

The most of these are produced by the unnatural conditions 
with which the animal is surrounded, which, if we will reflect 
upon it for a moment, will show how unreasonable it is to 
expect the cow to thrive and do well under conditions totally 
foreign to her nature. 

' r he main causes are, the feeding of slops, or any other feed, 
the tendency of Which is toward the secretion of milk in excess, 
or which may produce scouring; poor and insufficient feed of 
any description which, from lack of proper nutriment, induces 
an impoverished condition of the system. Milking cows too 
close to the period of calving is a common cause of this trouble; 
any disease which may impoverish the blood or weaken the 
system in any manner, for it must be understood that weakness 
and debility are the most prolific causes of this dreaded scourge. 

These causes, each in themselves, or altogether, are liable 
to produce abortion, and, when aggravated by neglect and 
unwholesome surroundings, may produce a veritable epidemic 
of this disorder. 

«J3 



94 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

Prevention — A careful study of these causes will convince 
every intelligent reader that this great drawback to success in 
stock raising can be prevented. To this end good, wholesome 
food, and enough of it, must be provided; great care must be 
taken not to feed to excess of anything sloppy, which is liable 
to keep the bowels too loose, for this condition relaxes the sol- 
ids of the body, and, to the detriment of good health, produces 
an over secretion of milk. 

Dry up the milk in all cows at least sixty days before the 
time of calving. If the flow of milk does not stop naturally, 
give three drachms sulphate of iron and one-half ounce pow- 
dered gentian root in the feed once each day for a week or ten 
days. No milking should be done during this time, unless 
found necessary to prevent injury to the udder. Give sufficient 
food that the extra demands of nature be supplied and the off- 
spring thrive without affecting the health of the mother. If 
the animal has a cough, feed one measure of Standard Food at 
each meal, which will stop the cough and keep the blood in a 
healthy condition, prevent relaxation of the solids of the body 
and promote absorption. Cows, during this period, should be 
kept apart from other cattle, particularly in the feed yard, 
where they are liable to accident from vicious animals. 

Cattle are of a nervous disposition and highly excitable, 
and boisterousness or undue force will counteract every other 
attention that can be given them. For this reason, during the 
period of gestation, cows need absolute quiet and freedom from 
all excitement. 

Elsewhere in this book we have made the plain statement 
that Standard Food is not a cure all, but we do state, without 
fear of successful contradiction, that it is a preventive of 
abortion among cows, when intelligently used in connection 
with good, wholesome food in proper quantities, pure water, 
sufficient shelter and proper care. It regulates the whole sys- 
tem, purifies the blood, promotes absorption and strengthens 
the generative organs; in short, its use will insure that condi- 
tion of health which will best fit the animal for the perform- 
ance of the task that nature has placed upon her. Feed one 
measure of the Food to each animal at each meal with the grain 
feed. If this amount is deviated from, regulate it according 
to the condition of the bowels. 

If these directions are followed in the use of the Food and 
care of the animal, we will, barring accidents and mistreatment, 



CARE DURING GESTATION. 95 

guarantee the performance of every claim made for Standard 
Food in the prevention of abortion among cows. 

Calving. — Comparatively little will be said upon this sub- 
ject, as most farmers and dairymen are familiar with this 
natural and necessary incident to stock raising. 

The symptoms of immediate delivery are great restlessness 
and uneasiness, indicative of pain, which is shown by lying 
down and rising up, or otherwise continually changing position. 
These increase in severity until, in the natural process, the calf 
has been delivered. The natural presentation at full time is 
when the head and fore legs are presented together. If there 
are no malformations, either in the cow or her offspring, par- 
turition will take place naturally and safely. Under these 
conditions, nature alone can do the work. Unnecessary assist- 
ance should be avoided, and the wisdom of waiting will be 
shown by the results. However, should the labor be unduly 
protracted, on account of the animal being weak, proper assist- 
ance should be given. 

There are various forms of unnatural presentation, which, 
however, it is not our province to treat in this book. Suffice 
it to say that any explanations which could be given would 
leave the stock owner who has had limited experience little bet- 
ter off than before. An operation in cases of this character 
should be directed by skill and experience, in order that proper 
methods may be adopted in assisting nature. 

The retention of the afterbirth is of frequent occurrence 
among cows, when there is some unhealthy condition present, 
such as debility and an impoverished condition of the system. 
Healthy cows are not troubled with protracted retention of the 
afterbirth. When this results from a deranged condition of 
the system, the cause readily suggests the remedy. When cows 
have not cleansed within a reasonable time after calving, give 
one pound of epsom salts, in the form of a drench, with sweet- 
ened water; also give in a light bran mash, or with gruel, two 
measures of Standard Food at each meal, and continue its use 
until a better condition of health is established. In case the 
afterbirth has not been expelled within six or eight hours by 
this treatment, give \ ounce of powdered ergot of rye, and 
repeat in half an hour, if necessary, which will cause its expul- 
sion by contraction of the womb. The general health from this 
time must be carefully looked after. Give good wholesome 
food in generous quantities, and with each meal give from one 
to two measures of Standard Food, according to the condition 



96 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

of the animal, and continue its use until its full strength and 
vitality has been restored. The Food has been used in many 
cases of this kind with remarkable success, and in no one of 
them has it ever failed, when properly used, to perform every 
requirement demanded. 

Milk Fevek. — This disease usually makes its appearance 
within a very few days after calving. Cows which are heavy 
milkers, especially of the select breeds, are more susceptible to 
it than others; it is also more likely to attack cows that are too 
fleshy. 

Symptoms — Loss of appetite; dullness; staggering gait; full, 
high pulse; the head and horns are hot; soon the cow becomes 
weak, it falls and is unable to rise, and unless the disease is 
checked the brain will become affected also, when the animal 
lays the head back on the flank or dashes it upon the ground. 

Pkevention — Owing to the fact that a great majority of 
these cases are almost immediately fatal, the most rational 
course lies in prevention. If the directions which have been 
given for the treatment of animals during the period of gesta- 
tion, in regard to the use of Standard Food, have been carefully 
followed, no trouble from this source need be apprehended. It 
must be borne in mind, however, that the Food is a flesh pro- 
ducer, and, while the animal should be kept in good condition, 
care should be taken against the over production of flesh. For 
the last week before calving, feed the Food freely, one to two 
measures at each feed, so as to act mildly as a laxative; feed but 
little grain or solid feed for one week before calving; avoid as 
much as possible the effects of sudden changes of the weather, 
by providing suitable shelter. If there is any reason to antici- 
pate milk fever, give 25 drops of the tincture of aconite root a 
few hours after calving, and repeat every six hours until four 
doses have been given. 

Treatment — As soon as the presence of this disease is dis- 
covered, give 30 drops of the tincture of aconite root and -J 
ounce of powdered opium in a bottle of thin gruel; repeat the 
aconite without the opium every four hours until four doses 
have been given. If the disease has affected the brain, place a 
bag of chopped ice upon the forehead, attaching it to the horns, 
and replenish as needed; give a powerful purge of two 
pounds epsom salts, - 1 ounce carbonate of ammonia, and \ 
drachm mix vomica. Keep the animal as quiet as possible, 
also keep the legs and body warm, by covering according to 
the season. After the animal has sufficiently recovered to take 



MILK FEVER, GARGET. 97 

to her feed, give two measures of Standard Food daily in bran 
mash, gruel or any tempting food, gradually, increasing the 
amount to two measures at each meal; continue this treatment 
until the full strength and vitality has been re-established. 

Garget. — This is an affection of the udder in cows, and is 
often very troublesome; it often occurs soon after calving. It 
is caused by blows on the gland, lying on cold, sharp stones, 
exposure, lack of proper attention in milking, indigestion, or, 
indeed, any derangement of the general health. If the general 
health of the cow is carefully looked to, and the udder and teats 
are kept in proper condition, there will be no garget. 

Symptoms — Heat in the udder with redness and pain; in a 
day or two swellings will appear, becoming soft and containing 
pus. These must be opened at this stage to prevent sores and 
the final destruction of that portion of the udder. 

Chronic garget is distinguished from the acute form by the 
absence of swellings containing pus. Shivers and chills usually 
accompany the other symptoms mentioned. 

Treatment — In mild cases,where there is but little pain and 
fever, rub briskly and persistently with the hand, in addition 
to the application of spirits of camphor or weak iodine oint- 
ment. In case these remedies are not effective, apply a warm 
bran or linseed poultice to hasten suppuration; open the swell- 
ings at the lowest point, and when the discharge has ceased 
heal as for a common sore. It must be borne in mind that 
the full restoration of the parts depends largely upon the udder 
being thoroughly milked. 

Sore Teats. — Cows are frequently troubled with this ail- 
ment, and particularly during the spring season. The teats 
become chapped and cracked from exposure. A good treatment 
for this complaint is the application of an ointment composed 
of lard, 8 oz., and acetate (sugar) of lead, 1 oz. Wash the teats 
and udder well with warm water before applying the ointment. 

Hide Bound. — This is caused by faulty digestion and a lack 
of assimilation of the feed, and must not, on that account, be 
considered a disease in itself. The digestive organs being im- 
paired, the manner of treatment is plain; Standard Food being 
a thorough regulator of the blood and digestive organs, its 
regular and persistent use will completely overcome this condi- 
tion and restore the animal to complete health in a few weeks. 
Feed one to two measures at each meal with the grain feed, 
according to condition. 

Diarrhcea. — This troublesome disorder is the result of 

6 



98' FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

various causes, among which may be mentioned over-loading 
the stomach, consuming food that is inferior and indigestible, a 
change from dry food to green, or any food of a purgative or 
irritating nature. Disordered digestion is a common cause, as 
the food is then unacted upon and it enters the intestines as an 
irritant. 

Treatment — Irritants are found to be common causes, there- 
fore they should be cleared from the bowels when they are 
known to exist. For this purpose give the adult animal one 
pint of raw linseed oil. This will not only cleanse the bowels, 
but has a soothing effect upon the whole alimentary canal. 
Follow up this treatment with draughts of ^linseed or slippeiy 
elm; in obstinate cases mild astringents may be used, but only 
after the irritant has been carried off by a laxative. The fol- 
lowing astringent is recommended: 

Prepared chalk 12 drachms. 

Powdered kino 2 drachms. 

Powdered opium ^ drachm. 

Powdered gentian 2 drachms. 

Warm gruel 1 pint. 
Mix and give at one dose. Such a dose may be repeated in 
twenty- four hours, if required. In all cases look carefully to 
the quality and quantity of the food given. The regular use 
of Standard Food should immediately follow the foregoing 
treatment. This will improve the appetite, stimulate digestion 
and give tone to the entire system. 

Diarrhcea in Calves. — This is a very common and fatal 
affection among young calves. A general cause is the custom 
of not allowing the calf to suck its own mother, and feeding it 
skimmed milk. They are fed out of a bucket, and the rapidity 
with which they drink the milk, which is often more than they 
need, gorges the stomach and paralyzed the digestive organs. 
Prevention — Allow the calf to suck its own mother until it 
is several weeks old. This will prevent gorging the stomach 
with cold milk. After the calf has been weaned, and particu- 
larly if it has been fed skimmed milk, give about one-third of 
a measure of Standard Food in the milk at each meal. This 
will keep the digestive organs in good condition, and increase 
the thrift and growth of the animal. 

Treatment — One of the simplest and most effective treat- 
ments is to give the calf boiled milk for a day or two, discon- 
tinuing its use as soon as it has accomplished its purpose, so as 
not to cause constipation. In obstinate cases give three 



DIARRHCEA IN CALVES, JAUNDICE. 99 

drachms of carbonate of soda in well boiled wheat flour gruel, 
once a day. Give one-third of a measure of Standard Food to 
promote the digestion and thrift of the calf. 

The regular use of Standard Food will be found a great aid 
in the growth and development of young calves. 

Jaundice. — This is quite a common disease among cattle, 
and consists in an unnatural distribution of bile throughout the 
entire system, instead of performing its natural function as an 
aid to digestion. This condition is due to the bile ducts be- 
coming closed. An active cause is the keeping of the animal 
in improperly ventilated and damp stables. Any food or sur- 
roundings which will produce a disordered condition of the 
liver is liable to cause jaundice. 

Symptoms — A yellow color of the lining membrane of the 
nose, mouth and eyes. These symptoms are all accompanied 
by dullness, constipation and general lassitude. 

Treatment — All cases of jaundice, when attended to as soon as 
the symptoms are manifested, will readily yield to tLe use of 
Standard Food, in connection with good food and rational care 
of the animal. It effects a cure by regulating the digestion 
and stimulating the secretions. One or two measures should 
be fed at each meal, according to the condition of the animal. 

Choking. — Cattle that are fed upon roots, turnips, potatoes 
and the like, are very liable to this distressing accident. 

Treatment — This must be as prompt as possible. Elevate 
the head of the animal into a line with the neck and hold the 
mouth open with a balling iron or similar contrivance. Then 
the tongue being drawn out with the left hand, the right may 
be passed into the throat and the substance reached with the 
middle finger being hooked over it so as to withdraw it. If 
the substance is lodged low down in the gullet it may often be 
worked up into the throat by pressure beneath it. If this is 
unsuccessful it may be moved downward, if too great force is 
not used. Should these measures fail, lose no time in gagging 
the animal. A smooth, round piece of wood, two inches in di- 
ameter may be used, tying it in the mouth and carrying the 
cord up over the horns. This prevents dangerous swelling 
and the obstruction usually passes on in the course of an hour 
or two. 

Failing to remove the body by the means advised, pour 
small quantities of oil or melted lard down the throat. This 
may enable the animal to either swallow the substance or expel 
it by coughing. Should all milder expedients fail, an attempt 



100 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

must be made to force the obstruction downward by means of 
a piece of wood made about six feet long and one inch in diam- 
eter at its base and small enough above to be flexible Have 
this perfectly smooth and well oiled. Great care should be 
taken in ascertaining that it has entered the gullet and is clear 
of and above the windpipe. If coughing follows the introduc- 
tion of this instrument, withdraw it at once, as this indicates 
that it has entered the air passages. There are cases which 
require the gullet to be opened and the obstruction removed, 
after which the wound should be brought together with a 
couple of stitches of silk. Then feed the animal for a week 
upon soft feed and gruel, so as to give the wound time to heal. 

Hoven. — This is a distension of the paunch by gas. It is 
caused by overloading the paunch and is especially common 
among weak or underfed cattle when put on green food, such 
as clover which is wet, green crops containing much water, and 
roots which are frosted or partially decayed. As this is a dis- 
ease which develops and becomes serious in a very short time, 
every farmer should be prepared to treat it promptly. 

Symptoms — There is a swelling of the whole left side of the 
belly, which, when lightly tapped, gives a drum-like sound; the 
breathing is difficult, the nostrils distended and the eyes blood- 
shot; there is an occasional belching of wind with a loud noise. 
All these symptoms are accompanied by great distress, which, 
if relief is not given, continues until the animal falls and dies 
from rupture of the paunch and nervous shock. 

Treatment — In the first stage of this disease relief may be 
obtained by dashing cold water over the loins and exercising 
the animal. Gagging, as recommended for choking, is also said 
to be a successful treatment. In urgent cases the paunch must 
be punctured. No time should be lost in choosing an instrur 
ment; if a trocar is not at hand, use an ordinary pocket knife. 
Plunge it into the left side at an equal distance between the 
hip bone and the last rib; allow the knife to remain in the 
wound until a large quill can be inserted in its place; this will 
afford a means for the gas to escape. After the gas has been 
removed the following mixture should be immediately given: 
Epsom salts, one pound; ground ginger, three ounces; warm 
linseed mucilage one quart; mix and give at one dose. Restore 
the tone and full vigor of the digestive organs by feeding one 
measure of Standard Food at each meal for several weeks. 

This disease occurring at intervals in a chronic form is due 
to a debilitated condition of the walls of the rumen, which will 



HOVEN, GRAIN SICKNESS. 101 

yield to the regular use of the Standard Food as directed above. 

Grain Sickness. — This is caused by overloading the paunch 
with an excess of solid food. Animals gaining access to a 
heap of grain will eat almost to bursting. S uch an occurrence 
frequently proves troublesome, if not fatal, and from which 
the term, "grain sickness," has originated. 

Symptoms — Develop more slowly than in hoven; distress 
and dullness are among the first signs; the left flank bulges 
outward, the back is raised and the breathing hurried. The 
abdomen may be dented with the hand and gives no drum-like 
sound upon being tapped. The horns, ears and extremities 
are usually cold and rumination is suspended. 

Treatment — In the first stages give a pound each of epsom 
and glauber salts, two ounces oil of turpentine and one-half 
drachm of mix vomica. Mix and give at one dose. Follow 
this in an hour or two by a stimulant, such as a pint of whisky 
or gin, and in seven hours,. if no relief has been obtained, repeat 
the purgative dose, using it in the same strength as before. At 
the end of ten or twelve hours, if no favorable symptoms are 
shown, the paunch must be opened, as a last resort. This is an 
operation requiring both skill and care and, unless the operator 
is acquainted with it, proper assistance had best be called. 

Hoose in Calves. — This is a parasitic disorder common 
among calves in breeding districts. It is due to the presence 
of very small worms in the bronchial tubes and in the lungs. 

Symptoms — This disease is denoted by a husky cough, diffi- 
cult breathing, emaciation and loss of appetite. Soon the cough 
becomes frequent, with the raising of mucus and worms; the 
hide is tight and the coat rough and staring. Thus the disease 
goes on from bad to worse, until death claims the victim in the 
course of a few weeks. 

Prevention — The most effective way to prevent this trouble 
is to keep the animal on high grazing lands and away from 
marsh and meadow lands. All infected animals should be kept 
apart from well ones and the dead bodies should be deeply 
buried. 

Treatment — Place the infected animals in a close building 
and burn small amounts of flour of sulphur on a shovel or pan 
until the air is sufficiently charged with the fumes to cause 
moderate coughing only. This should be repeated several days 
in succession, then at intervals of a week, for several weeks, in 
order to kill the young worms as they are hatched out. Feed 
generously on a diet including dry grain, and the animal should 



102 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

have free access to salt, as that is destructive to the worms. 
For calves six months old feed one measure of Standard Food 
daily with the other feed. They should not be considered 
cured until all coughing and excitement of breathing have been 
dispelled. 

Bronchitis. — This, is an inflammation of the lining mem- 
brane of the windpipe and the large air tubes of the lungs. 
Cattle are subject to every degree of severity in this disease, 
and in many cases, on account of its insidious and deceptive 
nature, its presence is overlooked until it has often times assumed 
a dangerous character. 

Farmers and dairymen generally are not careful enough in 
their observations of their stock in regard to health. The great 
prerequisite to success in this line is a thorough knowledge of 
the conditions attending both health and disease, so that, when 
any derangement of the animal organism presents itself, he may 
know how to act. This is the great obstacle to be contended 
with in the treatment of all diseases of cattle; for, through over- 
sight and ignorance of their symptoms, the remedies are not 
applied early enough. 

Bronchitis is rather a disease of the herd than of the indi- 
vidual animal, on account of its being due largely to atmos- 
pheric causes. 

Symptoms — In the beginning of the attack the animal has a 
slight, harsh cough, accompanied by watering of the eyes and a 
discharge from the nose. If the ear be applied to the windpipe, 
a slight grating sound will be heard. 

Treatment — Upon the first discovery of the attack give 
twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root every four 
hours until five doses have been given; also give one-half 
ounce powdered sulphite of soda three times a day. Supple- 
ment this treatment with the use of Standard Food, two meas- 
ures at each meal, three times daily, until the animal looks 
brighter and eats well; then continue the moderate use of the 
Food until full health has been restored. Feed lightly, so as 
not to produce indigestion, and give plenty of cold water and 
allow pure air. 

Bladder Diseases. — This class of diseases, though not fre- 
quent among cattle, is occasionally the source of considerable 
trouble. Diseases of this organ among them are generally 
caused by foreign matter in the urine, and by calculi or stone 
in the bladder. 

Symptoms — There is almost continual restlessness of the 



BRONCHITIS, BLADDER DISEASES. 103 

animal from irritation and pain. The eyes present a blood- 
shot appearance, the attempt to void urine is almost con- 
stant and unsuccessful, only a few drops being passed at a 
time; the animal is likely to die from irritation, excitement 
and exhaustion, if proper relief is not given. 

Treatment — The prompt administration of tincture of 
aconite root to relieve pain and fever is advisable. Give twen- 
ty-live drops in one dose. Follow this with draughts of linseed 
tea and thin gruel, which will have a soothing effect upon the 
kidneys and bladder. Feed regularly two measures of Standard 
Food at each meal; this will correct the emaciation and weak- 
ness consequent upon this disease, and at the same time, when 
fed in this quantity, have a soothing and healing effect. In 
cases where calculi or any foreign substance in the kidneys or 
bladder is suspected, give sixty drops muriatic acid once a day 
in cold water. This should not be administered during the 
presence of irritation or pain. 

Anaemia. — This term signifies a want of blood in the animal 
and is very common among cattle, much more so than is gen- 
erally supposed. Some cases are not traceable to any direct 
cause, but the great majority of them are the result of improper 
digestion, excessive secretions from the udder, feeding for a 
length of time on one kind of food, starvation, improperly 
ventilated or dark stables, etc. 

Symptoms — Extreme paleness of the lining membranes of 
the mouth, nose and eyes; slow, weak pulse, and a great lack of 
life and energy; the breathing quick, and slight exertion pro- 
duces perspiration and fatigue. As the blood becomes poor, 
all these symptoms are aggravated, and in the advanced stages 
dropsical swellings beneath the jaws or in the limbs, the stag- 
gering gait, etc., are highly characteristic. 

Treatment — The very nature of this disease indicates the 
character of the treatment; being, as it is, due to an impover- 
ished condition of the whole system, what is needed is neither 
physicing nor dosing, but a generous supply of wholesome, 
vitalizing food, such as will make rich, pure blood, and give 
strength and tone to the entire system. In addition to a liberal 
supply of nutritious feed give each animal two measures of 
Standard Food at each meal. 

Make occasional changes in the character of the animal's 
feed and give proper care and sufficient shelter. Continue the 
use of the Food as directed in other parts of this book. 

Red Water. — This affection is essentially a blood disease, the 



104 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

result of imperfect digestion and assimilation, and is character- 
ized by a disordered condition of the liver, wastirrg of the bodily 
tissues and an impoverished condition of the blood. The color 
given to the urine is caused by the breaking up of the red cor- 
puscles or coloring matter of the blood, which passes off 
through this channel. This disease is most common among 
cows, a fact which may be attributed to the demands made on 
the system by the secretion of milk and process of gestation. 

Symptoms — Diarrhoea, lasting for a day or two, and usually 
followed by constipation; there is a tendency to rapid emacia- 
tion; weakness is great, and increases as the disease advances; 
urine of a brown or deep red color. 

Treatment — Relieve the stomach of all indigestible matter 
by giving a brisk purge, such as epsom salts one pound, calomel 
one to two drachms, gentian and ginger each one ounce; 
mix and give at one dose, with plenty of fluid. Give bran 
mashes freely and two measures of Standard Food at each 
meal. To assist in a complete recovery, give good, substantial 
feeding, which will also assist in making blood to replace that 
which has been lost. 

Black Leg. — This is a malignant disease affecting young 
cattle in the spring of the year. It is very rapid in its devel- 
opment, usually attacking the best in the herd, and death fol- 
lows in a short time. It is denoted by one hind leg and thigh 
becoming congested with blood and turning black. 

This disease is incurable. 

Prevention — About the best method of prevention that 
can be recommended is to keep the young animals on high pas- 
ture lands, allow them free access to salt, and give one pound 
of Standard Food to each twelve or fifteen head daily. This will 
regulate the bowels and keep the blood in a normal condition. 
On the first appearance of this disease in the locality, give each 
animal between one and two years old half a pound of epsom 
salts and feed the Standard Food regularly each day. 

Black Tongue. — This disease is manifested by eruptive 
blisters on the tongue, palate and cheeks, accompanied by swell- 
ing. Although apparently located in these members, it is a 
blood disease and of a very malignant character. 

Symptoms — The tongue is red and swollen; the muzzle, 
head and neck are also swollen; there is a constant flow of 
saliva from the mouth; mastication of the food is hindered 
and breathing is difficult. As the disease develops the breath- 
ing becomes labored, the saliva is tinged with blood and has an 



BLACK LEG, MURRAIN, TEXAS FEVER. 105 

offensive odor, when fever sets in and death usually occurs 
within two or three days. 

Treatment — The following treatment in the earlier stages 
is recommended: Remove the diseased animals to a place by 
themselves. The tongue should be lanced to relieve congestion; 
cleanse the mouth with a wash of vinegar and tepid water and 
give the animal one pound of epsom salts. Allow plenty of 
cold water to drink, and, as food cannot be taken, supply nutri- 
tious drinks of linseed or hay tea, flour or oatmeal gruel, etc. 
Give also, twice each day, one ounce of sulphite of soda in 
cold water, to correct fermentation in the blood. Great caution 
should be exercised to prevent the contact of the poisonous 
saliva with the hands or any part of the body. 

Prevention — The same measures for prevention should be 
adopted as those recommended for black leg. 

Epizootic Aphtha. — (Murrain) — This is one of the most 
contagious diseases among cattle. It attacks the feet and 
mouth, and in cows sometimes extends to the teats and udder. 
It is caused, as has already been stated, by contagion, and, when 
once fairly established in a locality, most measures for its pre- 
vention appear to be futile. 

Symptoms — Rough, staring coat, increased temperature and 
shivering; dry muzzle; mouth hot and red; eruptive blisters 
within the mouth and on the teats, containing pus; great rest- 
lessness in cows when milking is attempted; there is a largely 
increased flow of saliva; the feet frequently become badly 
affected with sores on the coronet and between the hoof, often 
resulting in the loss of the hoof. 

Treatment — Give a laxative of one pound of epsom salts; 
wash out the mouth with a solution of tincture of myrrh and 
borax, each one ounce, in one quart of water. Apply a lotion 
to the teats of one half drachm of carbolic acid and ten ounces 
of glycerine. Apply a dressing to the feet of one ounce of oil 
of vitriol in four ounces of water, with a feather. This is to 
be used after washing the foot thoroughly with castile soap and 
water. Give bran mashes, gruel, linseed tea, etc. The feeding 
of one or two measures of Standard Food at each meal will 
serve to regulate the system and facilitate recovery. 

Texas Fever. — This is a much dreaded disease, and is sup- 
posed to originate in Texas, but might with equal pro- 
priety bear the name of any of the Gulf States, whose low ma- 
larial marshes appear to propagate this malady. 

Among the native cattle of those states it does not usually 



106 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

assume a malignant form; indeed, its presence is often un- 
noticed; but when communicated to cattle in the Northern 
States it assumes an exceedingly fatal character. It is propa- 
gated by contagion through the bowel discharges, and roads, 
pastures, streams, etc., become mediums of infection. The 
germ of this disease is killed by frost. It is not con- 
sidered contagious between northern animals. The disease 
usually developes within four or five weeks after contact, and 
is distinguished by drooping of the head, arched back, dullness, 
cough, trembling of the flanks, impaired appetite and very high 
fever. These increase in severity until the animal is compelled 
to lie down. The eyes become glassy and fixed, the secretions 
lessened and clotted with blood, the urine changes to a dark 
color and the mucous membranes are of a deep yellow or brown. 
The disease becomes more aggravated in time, until death en- 
sues. 

A regular form of treatment is useless. However, the ani- 
mal may be given large doses of epsom or glauber salts in great 
quantities of sweetened water, repeating the dose in twenty- 
four hours. Allow all the cold water the animal will drink. 

Pleuro-Pneumonia. — This is a disease among cattle, in re- 
gard to the origin of which there is a great difference of opin- 
ion among the highest authorities, some holding the apparently 
well founded opinion that it is never propagated except by con- 
tagion, while others of equal prominence advance the theory 
that it is due to atmospheric conditions, improper food, and 
unfavorable surroundings. 

It is a specific disease, manifested by inflammation in the air 
passages, lungs and their coverings, accomrjanied by a profuse 
outpouring of fluid into the chest and lungs, gradually increas- 
ing in volume until the lungs are nearly submerged; they 
gradually become solidified and in the course of time the vital 
power gives way and the animal dies from suffocation. 

Symptoms — Fever is the first indication; then there is a 
slight cough, which increases in harshness as the disease pro- 
gresses; the hair along the back is rough and staring, and there 
is tenderness in the back when pinched. Shivering, rapid pulse 
and breathing, constipation, high colored and scanty urine, 
impaired appetite and irregular rumination are among the 
more prominent symptoms. 

Treatment — Will depend much upon the condition of the 
animal. Low vitality, occasioned by poor feeding or the exces- 
sive secretion of milk, are very unfavorable conditions. As 



PLEUROPNEUMONIA, CATTLE PLAGUE. 107 

soon as the disease has been discovered, give 25 drops of 
the tincture of aconite root, and repeat every four hours 
until five doses have been given. Give also one-half ounce of 
the sulphite of soda, twice a day. Give well chosen feed in 
small quantities, adding from two to three measures of Stand- 
ard Food at each meal. The purpose of this is not only to 
stimulate the system, but to restore and maintain the appetite. 

Contagious %Typhus — Rinderpest — Cattle Plague, etc. — 
This disease consists in inflammation and irritation of the fibrous 
tissue or 'white membranes of the nose, windpipe and chest. 
These ,membranes become deteriorated and decayed, producing 
a dangerous poison, which, becoming absorbed into the general 
circulation through a gradual process, is followed by fermenta- 
tion of the blood, and the body breaks out in carbuncular sores 
which discharge pus. This manifestation is accompanied by 
fever, weakness, etc. The blood and tissues of the body 
become so degenerated that the animal dies in from one to 
three weeks. 

It is caused by certain conditions of the atmosphere, debil- 
ity, weakness, and a low condition of general health, and con- 
tagion made possible by these predisposing causes. 

Symptoms — The temperature of the body is variable, being 
alternately cold and hot; there is a husky cough, and a dis- 
charge from the eye and nostril; the back is arched and the 
coat looks rough and unhealthy ; upon examination eruptions 
will be found in the mouth and nose. Soon the discharge from 
the e3 r es and nose becomes streaked with blood; diarrhoea sets 
in. All of these S3'mptoms are followed by stupor and the 
signs of approaching death. 

Treatment — Give 25 drops of the tincture of aconite root, 
and repeat in four hours to allay the fever. Give also pow- 
dered carbonate of ammonia 1 ounce, powdered sulphate of 
iron 3 drachms, morning and night, Give daily 1 ounce of 
sulphite of soda in the middle of the day. Give good, strong 
feed in moderate quantities, adding from two to three meas- 
ures Standard Food at each meal. In this, as in all other con- 
tagious diseases, give plenty of cold water, allow pure air and 
observe strict cleanliness. Isolate the affected animal from the 
rest of the herd, as the fundamental principle of prevention 
lies in this precaution. The above treatment, carefully fol- 
lowed, will cure the great majority of the animals affected 
with this disease. 



PREVENTION OF DISEASE AMONG SWINE. 

The development of disease among swine is the result of 
the conditions with which they have been surrounded. In their 
native state, unrestrained by yard or pen, and without master 
or provider ,they were obliged to labor diligently for sustenance, 
which gave them endurance and strength of constitution. 
Under present conditions their physical functions have been 
greatly changed by confinement, high feeding, etc. During a 
series of years the hog has gained much in symmetry of form 
and appearance, but he has certainly lost in strength of consti- 
tution and the ability to resist disease. A general relaxation 
of the system has opened the way for hog cholera and other 
fatal diseases. We do not mean to say that the hog in his 
native state would not be liable to take disease, but it is certain 
that his hardier constitution would be a safeguard against it. 
Most fatal diseases among swine are contagious, and find their 
easiest prey among animals whose feeble vitality is insufficient 
to resist the epidemic tendency. 

A great deal of confusion has been caused by applying the 
name of hog cholera to almost every disease prevalent among 
swine. It is immaterial what the name of the disease is, so long 
as it conveys the proper idea Hog cholera is not a separate 
disease, but is a class of malignant diseases of a contagious and 
infectious nature which, while allied in fatality, differ greatly 
in their general symptoms, internal effects, - rimary location 
and duration of attack. 

Among the various forms of diseases among swine, may be 
enumerated: Putrid erysipelas (malignant typhus), malignant 
putrid sore throat, inflammation of the bowels, quinzy, strangles, 
diphtheria, inflammation of the lungs, kidney worms, intestinal 
worms, etc. 

There are certain articles which can be used in the treat- 
ment of these diseases, but which we do not consider within 
our province to mention here and at this time, for our mission 
is to advocate the prevention rather than the attempt to cure 
these diseases. 

We have the testimony of thousands of farmers to the effect 
that Standard Food has alone cured their hogs of disease. We 
positively know that it is of great benefit when fed even to sick 

108 



GENERAL CAUSES OF DISEASE. 109 

hogs, but it must be distinctly understood that our claims for 
the Food are for the prevention and not for the cure of these 
diseases. Each one of them requires a separate and distinct 
form of treatment, yet the methods for their prevention are 
bound to remain the same. 

General Causes of Disease. 

Local conditions have much to do with the health of swine, 
but, in the investigation of the causes of diseases among them , a 
careful study of other conditions is doubtless of more import- 
ance. With the domestication of these animals came all the 
evils of improper breeding, confinement and erroneous feeding. 
Naturally a forager, active in body and strong in constitution, 
and made hardy by a constant struggle for existence, is it to be 
wondered at that the primitive hog, when subjected to the evils 
of modern surroundings, is a fit subject for disease ? 

Grave errors are made in breeding; many farmers have been 
tempted to sell their larger and more thrifty sows and breed 
from the poorer ones; also to breed from animals too young. 
These, together with in and in breeding, have produced a race of 
animals deficient in constitution and bodily vigor. 

Improper surroundings must come in for their share of the 
causes of these diseases. Hogs cannot be expected to thrive 
amid filth or when unduly exposed to the heat and cold. Such 
surroundings are almost sure, in themselves, to originate 
disease. Under these conditions, a single hog in a large drove 
may be in just the condition to develop the disease or take it 
by infection, thus imperiling the safety of others, in but little 
better condition, by direct contact, who, in turn, convey it to 
otners. 

Another, and one of the greatest causes, is a continued high 
feeding of kinds of food containing too much heat and fat pro- 
ducing properties. The most prominent among this class of 
foods is old, dry corn, which, when fed continuously, produces a 
feverish and inflammatory condition of the system. The nat- 
ural tendency of foods of this character should be counteracted 
as much as possible by the addition of such other articles as 
will produce a cooling and loosening effect, thus avoiding the 
perils of a plethoric condition, }^et keeping the animals fatten- 
ing at the same time. 

No one cause is, perhaps, more productive of disease than 
that of keeping hogs from year to year in the same pen or field. 
Nature has given these animals an instinct which teaches them 



110 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

to search for bugs, vegetable roots, etc., which, in bilious and 
digestive derangements, are natural excitants of the stomach, 
liver and bowels. 

Frequent changes of the enclosure for hogs are impracticable 
and well nigh impossible to the average farmer, for the reason 
that it is not only too expensive, but also that space is limited 
which is suitable for this purpose. Recognizing this, it is a fact 
that the soil becomes exhausted after a time of the elements 
necessary to the health of the hog, and, being placed where he 
is unable to obtain them, it becomes imperative that he be sup- 
plied from some other source, if lie remain free from disease. 

Prevention. 

The prevention of the diseases and epidemics common 
among swine means success to the practical hog raiser. To 
prevent disease among hogs is more rational than any attempted 
cure, however successful. Millions of dollars are annually 
wiped out of existence by the ravages of disease among these 
animals which might have been avoided by supplying proper and 
healthful surroundings, and the use of common sense methods 
of prevention. By prevention we mean the placing of the ani- 
mal in such a condition of bodily vigor as to be able to resist 
disease in any form, and not in doping and dosing him with 
mineral drugs, or deranging the stomach and bowels with doses 
of antimony, copperas, madder, and a thousand and one things 
which have killed an army of hogs, said to have died with the 
cholera. 

Avoid all causes, so far as possible, which are likely to pro- 
duce this malady. Breed from the most vigorous animals only; 
furnish clean, comfortable quarters and plenty of pure water; 
feed a well-balanced ration which will keep them growing and 
insure them vigorous and healthy bodies. The very essence of 
prevention lies in securing the highest measure of bodily 
health, and that method which will the most surely and natur- 
ally reach this condition is the rational course of prevention to 
follow. 

The value of Standard Food in bringing about these essen- 
tial conditions of thrift and vigor, in the prevention of disease, 
is almost incalculable. For it will, if used sensibly and rightly 
in connection with good treatment otherwise, place the animal 
in such a condition that he is able to successfully resist disease. 
It stimulates the stomach to healthy and vigorous action, and, 
by increasing the flow of its juices, not only secures more sus- 



PREVENTION OF DISEASE. Ill 

tenance from the ration consumed, but enables it to throw oft 
all accumulated impurities, whose presence hinders its proper 
action and endangers the health of the animal. Everything 
depends upon the proper action of the stomach, for, when good 
digestion and complete assimilation are secured, pure blood 
and good health are assured. 

The presence of intestinal worms in large quantities is a 
source -of serious trouble among swine. The indiscriminate 
dosing of hogs with mineral and poisonous preparations to 
kill worms is an absurd and dangerous practice, and one which 
discloses a lack of knowledge on this subject. Any small good 
that can be done in this way is only temporary, for, although it 
removes the worms, it does not remove the cause. The true 
theory is this: worms are the result of a deranged condition, 
and not the cause. The deranged condition comes first, and 
worms follow as the result — not the reverse. 

The regular and continued use of Standard Food restores 
the stomach and smaller intestines to a normal condition and 
healthy action, which enables them to throw off the mucus 
accumulation which generates worms, and in which they exist. 
The success of this treatment lies in removing the cause, thus 
disposing of it effectually. 

Improper feeding is a prolific cause of disease among swine. 
The continued feeding of old, dry corn produces a feverish and 
inflammatory condition of the system, which, if allowed to con- 
tinue, is likely to end in disease. Young pigs suffer more from 
this manner of feeding than the more mature animals; it is 
one of the greatest sources of disease among them, and is very 
likely, from its heating and inflammatory tendency, to weaken 
and debilitate the digestive organs and lay the foundation for 
disease. Old corn should be soaked for a day or two before it 
is fed, and accompanied by a proper ration of Standard Food. 
These precautions will counteract the feverish tendency and 
produce a cooling and loosening effect, thus preserving health 
and insuring growth at the same time. 

The feeding with corn of sloppy articles, boiled roots, boiled 
oats, etc., where practical, is of value in increasing the 
health. 

The practice of keeping hogs in one pen or field from year 
to year is no doubt the cause of a great deal of loss from dis- 
ease among them. The hog, from instinct, seeks for a natural 
regulator in bilious and digestive derangements in the soil. 
The use of one enclosure for a long time exhausts the soil of 



112 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

these natural regulators of the health of the hog, and 
leaves him without anything to correct the irregularities to 
which he is naturally subject. It can be easily seen that, if 
these are not supplied in some other way, he has no protection 
against the inroads of disease. Standard Food supplies this 
deficiency in the most natural manner. It stimulates the 
digestive organs to prompt and healthy action and corrects 
ever}r tendency toward a morbid condition. 

Prevention Plus Profit. 

It is a fact that, in feeding Standard Food to hogs for the 
prevention of disease, it actually costs nothing as a preven- 
tive. While it is putting the system of the animal in a condi- 
tion to resist disease, it is making an extra increase in flesh and 
fat to much more than pay its cost. 

Some farmers, who think it costs too much to feed Standard 
Food as a preventive, lose sight of the gain it will make in the 
increase of flesh. A little calculation will show them what a 
small extra gain in flesh will offset the cost of the Food. Ac- 
cording to our directions for feeding, an increased gain of three 
or four pounds per month to each head will do this. The actual 
facts, however, are that, with proper use, it will not only pay for 
itself in extra gain produced, but return a handsome profit, so 
that the farmer not only gets his preventive for nothing, but 
has a profit thrown in. 

Let us suppose that the farmer has two lots, of ten pigs 
each, which have been weaned when six weeks old. Let both 
lots have the run of the yard, and what suitable food they may 
require. Give one lot, in addition, say one-third of a pound of 
Standard Food per day, until they are five months old, and the 
other lot none. After that increase the Standard Food ration 
a little with the one lot, so that the amount consumed daily 
will be about one-half pound, feeding in this proportion until 
they are eight months old. For the next two months, feed the 
one lot such a ration of properly selected food as will fully 
meet the demands of the increased appetite caused by Standard 
Food. The amount of Standard Food consumed by these ten 
pigs should be about one pound a day during this two months. 
At this time the age of the pigs in each lot will be ten months. 
The one lot, which have had the benefit of the Standard Food 
ration, have been healthy and vigorous throughout. The Food 
has increased their digestion and assimilation, and also has in- 
creased their appetite, thus enabling them to eat a larger 



PREVENTION PLUS PROFIT. 113 

amount of feed than the other lot. If their appetites have been 
at all times satisfied, they will weigh, at this age, 300 pounds 
each, and be ready for market at the top price. The other lot 
have had the same advantages otherwise, but no Standard 
Food, and will do well to weigh 225 pounds each at this age. 
They will not be so saleable as the other lot when placed upon 
the market, and will command but a normal price. This year 
the one lot would have sold readily at 4 cents per pound, live 
weight, and the other lot possibly at 3-£ cents per pound. The 
following plainly shows the result: 

10 pigs, 300 pounds each, at 4 cents per pound $120 00 

10 pigs, 225 pounds each, at 3 £ cents per pound 78 75 

Difference in gross receipts from two lots 41 25 

Cost of Standard Food consumed by the one lot 12 00 

Left for profit and to pay for extra food 29 25 

The one lot of pigs would consume 25 pounds of Standard 
Food in the first 100 days, 30 pounds in the next 90 days, and 
40 pounds in the last 60 days. This is allowing for the omis- 
sion of its use one week in every three after the first month, 
which is according to our directions. The total amount of 
Standard Food consumed would be a little less than 100 pounds, 
or say 10 pounds to each pig during the 8^ months, at a cost of 
$1.20 per head. The returns over the other lot would be, 
according to these figures, 84.12-J per head, an amount which 
not only pays^ for the Standard Food and extra grain feed con- 
sumed, but leaves a handsome profit besides. Thus it will be 
seen that, aside from the essential element of prevention, guar- 
anteed to every farmer who uses Standard Food according to 
our directions, he secures an extra return which amply repays 
him for the outlay. 

How to Feed Standard Food. 

For young pigs, feed in the proportion of one pound to 30 
head, once a day; for medium sized pigs, one pound to 20 head, 
once a day; increase this amount on fattening hogs to one 
pound to ten head daily. In all cases, omit the use of the 
Food one week in three after the first month. The Food may 
be fed in swill, or with grain feed, when it should be fed in 
troughs to prevent waste. 



MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP, 

All the advantages secured from feeding Standard Food to 
horses, cattle and swine are obtained in an equal degree when 
it is fed to sheep. It acts directly upon the digestive organs, 
thus securing healthy action of all the functions of the body, 
which is the first step in the prevention of disease. 

Most of the diseases of sheep, except those produced by 
external causes, can be very satisfactorily treated by the proper 
use of Standard Food. Diseases of the blood, digestive and res- 
piratory organs are directly acted upon by its use. Many of 
the diseases to which sheep are subject are due to local condi- 
tions, such as keeping them on low, wet lands, undue exposure 
in inclement weather, and careless and improper feeding. 

The rational treatment, under the first of these conditions, 
would be to remove them to higher ground, and give local 
treatment to the seat of disease. This, if promptly done, is 
usually sufficient, when accompanied by the feeding of a proper 
ration of Standard Food, to build up their impaired health. 

Undue exposure in inclement weather, etc., should be cor- 
rected as much as possible by providing proper shelter. No 
animals upon the farm will show the effects of good treatment, 
or make a better return from it, than sheep. 

The intelligent and systematic feeding of sheep is of great 
importance in securing and maintaining their health. The 
value of variety in feed stuffs for sheep is not enough appre- 
ciated. A properly proportioned ration for sheep will amply 
repay the trouble in improved health alone. 

Another of the important points in successful sheep farming 
is strict regularity in the time of feeding, and proportioning 
the amount of fodder to the wants of the animal. With good 
attention to these particulars, sheep will maintain better health 
and make a more profitable return on moderate keeping than 
on the best food fed with irregularity, A due regard to proper 
location, comfortable quarters, generous and regular feeding, 
are ail essential in preventing disease among sheep. If these 
be carefully observed, and they be allowed a moderate ration 
of Standard Food, for the purpose of correcting any irregular- 
ity of condition, which is quite likely to be present, although 
not observed, the owner may be assured of not only prevent- 

114 



FEEDING FOR MUTTON. 115 

ing disease among them, but of securing the greatest develop- 
ment in flesh and fleece. 

The Fleece. 

One of the greatest advantages secured from the feeding of 
Standard Food to sheep is in increasing the growth and qual- 
ity of the fleece. Good feeding improves the coat, whether it 
be hair or wool. No one can fail to see the favorable effect 
upon the hair of well fed cattle compared to those poorly fed, 
arid also upon the wool of well fed and poorly fed sheep. This 
is due to the superior condition of the animal, and is particu- 
larly noticeable among animals fed a regular ration of Standard 
Food. Poor, ill kept sheep can not produce wool of the first 
quality; neither can irregularly fed animals grow an even tex- 
ture of wool. Expert wool buyers are able to tell the kind of 
care the sheep have received by the texture of the wool exam- 
ined. It will be uneven and weak in places. These inequali- 
ties show the periods of good and shiftless keeping. Regular 
and continued feeding of a properly compounded ration, with 
the addition of Standard Food according to directions, together 
with proper surroundings, will insure an abundant growth of 
fine wool of even texture. The use of Standard Food as above 
directed will not only increase the quantity and quality of the 
wool grown, but will produce an increase in flesh alone suffi- 
cient to more than pay for its use. 

Feeding for Mutton. 

Sheep raising, for wool alone, is not a profitable enterprise; 
but when sheep are jointly raised for mutton and the profits of 
the fleece as well, we have one of the most surely and speedily 
profitable branches of stock-raising. A great advantage lies in 
the fact that both objects can be attained at the same time in 
the same animal. Liberal feeding, attended with proper care 
and judgment in its selection, will secure a marked improve- 
ment in the fleece, while adding pounds of flesh to the carcass. 

The production of mutton is more profitable than the pro- 
duction of beef, pound for pound, it selling usually for a larger 
price per pound, and having the added profit from the fleece be- 
sides. 

Sheep produce a greater percentage of flesh from a given 
amount of feed consumed than do cattle. The use of Standard 
Food in the feeding of sheep yields the most satisfactory re- 
turns both in* flesh, selling qualities of the animal and in quan- 
tity of fleece secured. 



116 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

As we have stated before, and we repeat it here, the stomach 
is the most important organ in the body, for upon its proper 
action depends the sustenance and health of the entire body. 

Standard Food creates an increased appetite, and stimulates 
the stomach so that the extra amount of food demanded by 
this increase of appetite is properly digested and assimilated. 
It not only does this, but its regular use will secure a greater 
percentage of nutriment from all of the feed consumed, the 
natural result of which is to materially increase the gain over 
and above the amount secured from ordinary feeding. This 
increase will much more than pay for the extra outlay incurred 
by its use. To recapitulate, it acts as a powerful preventive of 
disease, adds largely to the quantity and quality of wool, and 
secures an extra production of flesh to more than pay for its 
use. 

Directions for Feeding Standard Food to Sheep. 

Standard Food should be fed to sheep in the proportion of 
one pound to thirty head, daily, with a fattening ration. As a 
preventive of disease and for the purpose of keeping sheep in a 
thrifty and healthy condition, feed one pound to fifty head, 
daily. It should be fed with grain or in their feeding troughs. 
Omit its use one week in four aftor the first month. 



CARE OF POULTRY. 

The experience of successful pouttry raisers makes plain 
the fact that, as an adjunct to the farm and barn yard, this 
industry is one of the most profitable y properly handled. 
Unfortunately, too many farmers look upon ohis branch of their 
business as something of minor importance. Facts, however, 
do not uphold this opinion. In the year 1883, the poultry 
products of the United States were greater than those of the 
dairy, which proves that there are possibilities in this industry 
which are worthy of the most careful study and attention. 

Many valuable fowls are lost every year from carelessness, 
and there are also a great many that die from the lack of 
proper attention when sick. A chicken is too likely to be 
looked upon as a thing of so little importance that it does not 
seem worth while to give it any care when sick, and, as a result 
in many cases, the sick fowl is the cause of spreading disease 
among the others, and likely causing the loss of the whole 
flock. Exposure, careless treatment, irregular and improper 
feeding, cause derangements and disease just as surely among 
fowls as among any other creatures upon the farm. Chicken 
cholera, roup, gapes, diarrhoea, etc., are due almost entirely to 
improper care and the lack of sensible methods of prevention. 
Fowls should be protected from wet and cold, as well as from the 
extreme heat of the sun; their enclosures should be kept scrupu- 
lously clean, and plenty of pure water provided at all times. 
The coops should be properly ventilated. 

First and foremost in the treatment of these diseases, sepa- 
rate the sick fowls from the well ones; disinfect the coops and 
drinking vessels by the use of a solution of carbolic acid; give 
warm, stimulating food, and mix with it a measure of Standard 
Food to each twelve medium-sized fowls. This treatment, 
when accompanied by proper feeding and comfortable shelter, 
may be relied upon as the most efficient in the cure of these 
diseases 

The prevention of disease among fowls is much more sensi- 
ble than to run any risk of curing them after they become sick. 
Standard Food, by acting directly upon the digestive organs, 
which in fowls, as well as animals, is usually the seat of disease, 
corrects all irregularities of the system, producing rich, pure 

117 



118 FLESH, MILK, HEALTH. 

blood, and through it a healthy condition of the entire body. 
If Standard Food is fed for this purpose, as we direct, and 
accompanied by cleanliness, proper feeding and comfortable 
quarters, we are borne out by years of experience in guarantee- 
ing it as a preventive of any of the diseases common among 
fowls. Practical poultry raisers have demonstrated the fact that 
the egg product of hens can be increased from 50 to 100 per 
cent, by a proper selection of feed and regularity in the time 
of feeding. Our experience justifies us in making the positive 
assertion that Standard Food will, when fed regularly, with a 
properly selected ration of feed, increase the egg product of 
hens very materially. 

Directions for Feeding. 

A measure for feeding will be found in each box of Stand- 
ard Food. Give one of these full to each twenty-five chickens 
every day. Increase or diminish this amount according to 
size. In case of disease, double the amount fed. 

A good way to feed it is with meal, or with grain that has 
been dampened, or it may be placed in the drinking vessels 
with pure water. 



OUR REFERENCES AND ENDORSEMENTS. 

We have in our files the original signed letters of which the 
following are true copies. These are only a few among thous- 
ands in our possession. If the statements in them are doubted 
in the least we earnestly urge writing to the parties, enclosing 
postage for reply : 

Missouri Valley, Iowa, Feb. 3, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Gentlemen: — Please send me one thousand pounds (1,000) of your 
Standard Horse and Cattle Food, in fifty p .und boxes; ship March 1st. 

A year ago last January I bought 1,200 pounds of it and began at 
once feeding it to my hogs; I followed your directions closely. I 
weighed my hogs every thirty days and found a uniform gain of two 
and one-fourth pounds per hog, per day, each, for the entire feeding 
time of about one hundred days; they looked smoother than usual and 
their coats had an oily appearance. They ate their corn better, and ate 
more of it. Their weight was fully 25 per cent more in proportion to 
their size and appearance than usual. In hauling to market those that 
were fed on your Food shrunk but three pounds, while those that I fed 
corn alone shrunk five pounds each. Last fall before I began feeding it 
to my present herd many of them had a cough. After a few feeds of 
your Food the cough entirely disappeared. While over seven hundred 
hogs were lost in this immediate neighborhood, I did not lose a single 
hog after commencing its use. 

Last winter I experimented with seventy head of cattle; thirty-two 
were in an open lot, with no other shelter than a straw stack; their 
coat was smooth and more oily than usual; they gained an average of 
five pounds per day, each, for three and a half months; in driving to 
market they shrunk three per cent as against four per cent in the other 
lot, or one-fourth less. The forty head were what I considered a finer 
lot, and I kept them up just six months, in a good lot with warm sheds; 
fed them one-half bushel of corn a day but no Standard Food. Their 
gain in total pounds was just about the same in six months as that of 
the thirty head in three and one-half months. 

This winter my chickens were taken with the cholera and began 
dying off rapidly; a few feeds of the Food cured them completely. Last 
spring I fed it to my horses while doing my spring's work; at the end 
of the season they had not lost a pound, nor had a cough, or any sick- 
ness, while many teams about were sick and some died. 

Yours truly, C. A. Moss. 

Note: — The following is a copy of a letter received from 
Q. A. Brecunier, proprietor Franklin Grove Creamery: 

Franklin Grove, III., February 9, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Dear Sirs: — By request of W. A. Fenner, General Agent, I give a 
few facts directly connected with my business regarding the use of 
your Standard Horse and Cattle Food among some of my milk men. 
Five of my patrons who furnished one thousand pounds of milk per 

119 



120 TESTIMONIALS. 

day, for a period of one month when pastures were good, began to use 
the Food. Although the pastures became poorer and the owners did 
not use any additional food, the use of Standard Horse and Cattle Food 
increased the flow of milk to twelve hundred pounds per day, or an 
increase of twenty per cent, more than obtained without its use. I 
wondered at the increase of milk, and made special inquiries as above 
stated, recording the exact facts, figures, names and dates. I found all 
had been using Standard Horse and Cattle Food, buying it from our 
local agent, Mr. Joseph Graff, and feeding it according to directions: 
one-twelfth of a pound twice a day to each cow. 

Yours truly, Q. A. Brecunier. 

Prague, Neb., July 1 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Gentlemen : — About three years ago I wrote you giving my opin- 
ion on Standard Food. I had then been using it about a year on my 
hogs, with the best of success; but I am even better satisfied with the 
results which I have secured from using it since that time. I began 
using it solely as a preventive of disease, as I had lost nearly all my 
hogs in the two years previous. From my experience I am thoroughly 
satisfied that it will prevent disease, for in more than four years in 
which I have been using the Food regularly I have not lost a hog from 
disease. I suppose that during that time four-fifths of the farmers in 
this county have lost more or less hogs from disease. 

I can give no definite figures on the amount of extra gain which 
the Food has produced, but I am sure that it has made enough extra 
increase in the weight of my hogs to considerably more than pay for 
itself. I have always been able to get top prices, and I do not believe 
that any one markets any better hogs, or any heavier ones, for their 
age than I do I usually have about two hundred hogs on my place. 

Respectfully yours, 
(Signed.) George L. Havens. 

Sabetha, Kan., July 6, 1892 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha : 

Gentlemen : — I have sold your Standard Horse and Cattle Food 
for about four years, and must say that it has given universal satisfac- 
tion, both as a blood purifier and flesh producer. I could send you tes- 
timonials from some of our best farmers that have used Horse and Cattle 
Food for different diseases, both for cattle, horses, and hogs. For poultry 
I have never heard of anything that will take the place of your Food. 
I don't think that you advertise Horse and Cattle Food strong enough 
for poultry. My sales increased one-half this spring. 

E. Horton, Dealer in Groceries, Flour and Produce. 

Cherry Valley. III., June 25, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha : 

Gents : — I have used fifty pounds of Standard Horse and Cattle Food 
with the best results. I fed a cow which I had tried in vain to get in 
condition until I gave her this Food, after which she was in good order 
doubled her flow of milk. I also fed it to my other cows and got a 
large increase in milk. I believe it to be all that the manufacturers 
claim for it, and I cheerfully recommend it to all stock men. As an 
earnest of this have bought one hundred pounds more to-day. 

J. H. Kittle. 



TESTIMONIALS. 121 

Salix, Iowa, February 10, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Gents:— I have used your Standard Horse and Cattle Food about 
two years. Within the last year I have fed over a ton of it with the 
best of results. At present in a herd of over three hundred there are 
not ten poor ones. I find that they are all in better condition than 
under the old method of feeding 1 , and they weigh heavier than ordinary 
hogs of the same size. I killed one recently that looked as though he 
would weigh about one hundred and twenty pounds, and he weighed 
150 pounds. I am thoroughly satisfied that it pays well to feed it 
regularly all the year round, and would not think of raising hogs with- 
out it. I heartily recommend it to all hog raisers. I find it an excel- 
lent thing for horses also. T. Bruguier. 

Mobile, Alabama, January 1, 1892. 
We have sold and used ourselves nearly two thousand (2,000) 
pounds of Standard Food. It has given general satisfaction to our cus- 
tomers. In our own stables it has been of great benefit. We use it 
constantly among our stock, and find it invaluable as a tonic. We have 
brought to this market quite a number of western horses and mules 
since we have had the Food, and have not had a horse have distemper 
while using it. We consider it a great preventive of pink eye, influenza 
etc. We could hardly get along without it. 

Yours truly, 
(Signed.) Pettus & Menefee. 

Menomonie, Wis., July 6, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha, 

Gentlembn :— I have used your Horse and Cattle Food for some 
time and find it to be a valuable preparation for diseased and debili- 
tated stock, and that it will do all and more than you claim. It is an 
excellent flesh producer. I can honestly say it is the best thing I have 
ever used for stock, and I have used many kinds. 

Yours respectfully, John Britzmann. 

Franklin Grove, III. 
Gentlemen :— We have used Standard Horse and Cattle Food to 

cure and prevent disease and to produce flesh, and find it all that the 

manufacturers guarantee it to be. 

A. R. Whitney, Samuel Dysart, 

Harvey Spangler, Henry Herbst, 
A. M. Carpenter, John Gronewold, 
J. E. Lahman, J. F. Vance, 

U. Grant Dysart, A. Reinhart, 
Henry Gross, Geo. Winkfield, 

C D. Hussey, S. Businga. 

Cornell Illinois, ^ay 18, 1892. 
The F. E. SanboRin <jo., Omaha: 

Gentlemen:— Allow me to write a few lines to acknowledge to you 
that I have been using your Horse and Cattle Food in my practice for 
some time, and in every case where it was given according to my 
directions, it proved to be an excellent remedy in all cases of onerixia, 
" loss of appetite," strangles, urinary troubles, and in cases of conva- 
lescence. My patrons are loud in its praise as a flesh producer and a 



122 TESTIMONIALS. 

reviver of spirits, also in cases of derangement of stomach and bowels. 
I shall endeavor to keep a good supply on hand. May the good news 
be spread far and wide. I am, sirs, yours very respectfully, 

J. J. Vanderee, V. S. 

Sedalia, Missouri, January 2, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co.: 

Gents:— Yours regarding Standard Horse and Cattle Food received. 
In reply will say that in our transfer department we have been using 
the Horse and Cattle Food for over a year; stock all look fine and fat. 
Have not had one case of colic or distemper in a year, or a veterinary 
account of any kind. Veterinary bill for colic and distemper for any 
year before we used the Food was fifty dollars, mostly for colic. In 
the mule departments the results are the same. It is death to horse 
doctors but of incalculable value to us. Yours truly, 

Hinsdale & Menefee. 

P. S.-We have handled over three thousand mules since we com- 
menced to use the Food, and not one case of distemper or colic since 
that time. H. & M. 

Blue Mound, Kan., March 8, 1892 
The F.E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Gents: — Through the influence of your agent I was induced to try 
your Food, and found it has no equal among all kind of stock. I have 
been using it for two years and have never been without it. I know 
that it pays more than it cost in the way of feed, besides keeping your 
stock in a good, healthy condition. I have used it among my hogs 
when they had the cholera and found it a valuable remedy. 

J. B. FlNDLY, 

Proprietor Victor Mills. 

A private letter to Mr. F. G. Morgan, Rockford, 111., from 
Hon. Samuel Dysart, ex-President Illinois State Board of 
Agriculture and member of Illinois Board of World's Fair 
Commissioners: 

Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. 
Samuel Dysart, Commissioner, 

Franklyn Grove, III, Feb., 29, 1892. 
F. G. Morgan, Agent Standard Food, Rockford, 111: 

Dear Sir: — Your letter of 27th inst. at hand. I have used Standard 
Horse and Cattle Food for the past two years with good success in every 
case. I think it a valuable preventive of disease in domestic animals. 
It has been used largely among the farmers in this vicinity and is 
praised by all. 

Many testimonials have been written in this locality in its favor. 

(Signed) Samuel Dysart. 

Whiting, Iowa, Feb. 8, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co.. Omaha : 

I have used Standard Horse and Cattle Food as a preventive of 
cholera in my hogs, for about two years, with perfectly satisfactory re- 
sults. Since beginning its use I have not lost any hogs by disease, al- 
though on the adjoining farms on each side of me many hogs died of 
disease. Until using Standard Food I was always losing hogs by the 
cholera, and the year previous to commencing feeding it I lost all but 



TESTIMONIALS. 123 

seven of my herd of one hundred and forty. My experience forces me 
to believe that Standard Food does prevent cholera, and that it has 
many times paid for itself in the hogs it has saved. I would not want 
to try to raise hogs without it. My losses by cholera in years past, 
previous to feeding the Food, had been so heavy that my herd was 
gradually growing less; but I am now, after two years' use of it, keep- 
ing a larger herd than I have had in years. J. R. Folwell. 

Elburn, III., July 16, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Dear Sir: —I have fed your Standard Horse and Cattle Food to my 
milch cows and to my horses with very satisfactory results, and it does 
all you claim for it. 

Mv cows were not doing well and I was induced to buy some of 
your Standard Food by your agents here, C. H. & E. O. Hills, and feed 
it to my cows. It restored their appetite and put them in good health 
and condition. I have continued its use ever since early last winter 
and find it profitable to feed all the time. 

I consider and believe every one that will feed it to their stock will 
get full value received. 

I have no disease of any kind around my stock since commencing 
the use of Standard Food. Yours truly, 

John Jacobson. 

Blair, Neb., July, 4, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

In answer to your letter, I will say that I have used Standard 
Horse and Cattle Food for the last six years. It was recommended to 
me by Wulff Bros. I use it because it prevents hog cholera and is a 
flesh producing article. It is good for horses in the spring of the year; 
it makes them shed in good shape. Yours respectfully, 

John Bentrop. 

Sioux City, Iowa, December 23, 1891. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Gents:— It certainly gives me pleasure to add my testimony to the 
merits of your Standard Horse and Cattle Food. I have used it with 
perfect success in feeding horses, cattle and poultry. My experience 
demonstrates that it does even more than you claim for it. As a feed 
for horses, I have found it to be a great blood purifier, an excellent 
tonic and a sure conditioner. For coughs, colds, etc., I have never found 
anything equal to it. I feed it often to my herd of Jersey cattle, and 
can truthfully say that it acts like a charm, keeps them in good con- 
dition and increases the flow of milk. I feed it to my poultry and never 
have any sick or drooping fowls, and my hens lay well during the fall 
and winter, which they never did until I commenced feeding them your 
Food. . 

I will simply say in conclusion that I have experimented with a 
great many condition powders and other preparations put upon the 
market as a cure all, but never yet found anything to compare with 
your Horse and Cattle Food. 

I shall continue to use the Standard Horse and Cattle Food, for 
experience has'pro-ven to me that there is nothing upon the market to 
equal it. Yours respectfully, C. M. Robinson. 

Daily Times; also Secretary Sioux City Driving Park Ass'n. 



124 TESTIMONIALS. 

Blair, Neb., July 5, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

I have used Standard Horse and Cattle Food for my stock contin- 
ually for the last three or four years. It makes flesh; it increases milk 
and it prevents disease, for I have not had a sick hog on the place since 
I first used it on the place for that purpose. 

Yours respectfully, P. E. "Wulff. 

Story City, Iowa, July 2, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co.: 

Dear Sirs: — We heartily endorse your claims of the merits of 
Standard Horse and Cattle Food, and are more than satisfied with the 
success which we have had in handling- it, since we began in 1888, and 
with the satisfaction it gives our customers; for we know of no one 
who has given it a fair trial that is not a steady customer, and it is 
much better than any condition powder as a medicinal agent and 
cheaper than oil cake as a flesh producer. We believe it is the Stan- 
dard Food for hogs, cattle and horses, and our patrons are high in its 
praise. Very respectfully yours, Holm Brothers, 

Dealers in Harness and Saddlery. 

Smartville, Nebraska. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Gentlemen: — My chickens were dying of cholera and I bought one 
box of your Horse and Cattle Food. After feeding a small quantity 
they quit dying, and all are now well. Several of my neighbors have 
tried it with the same results. Yours truly, 

Chas. Roup. 

Guernsey, Iowa, April 8, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Dear Sirs: — Your favor of the first inst. at hand. In reply will say 
that I can give you no tabulated account of the result of your Stock 
Food, but I fed it to my cattle that I was feeding and they commenced 
eating better right away, and did better right along while I fed them. 
I fed the Food once a day, and the result was entirely satisfactory, as 
the cattle were right up to the feed trough each time, ready for their 
ration. Yours respectfully, J. C. Kinnie. 

Milford, III., July 1, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Gentlemen: — I have used your Standard Horse and Cattle Food 
and I can say that it is the best patent Food that I have ever used. I 
fed it to a carload of cattle last winter, and they gained 3^ pounds 
each per day. I would not be without the Standard Horse and Cattle 
Food for five times the cost of it. For horses it has no equal. It is a 
valuable Food for both cattle, horses and hogs. Yours truly, 

C. M. Frye. 

Sherwood, O., June 6, 1892. 
I have been selling Standard Food for two years, and have never 
had a customer dissatisfied with it. On the contrary it has done all 
that it is recommended to do in every instance 

(Signed) H. F. Miller, 

Dealer in General Merchandise. 



TESTIMONIALS. 125 

Marshall, Missouri, April 30, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

I have used your Horse and Cattle Food for the past year and am 
very well pleased with it. It has accomplished wonders in several 
instances. Very truly, J. K. King. 

Proprietor Peabod}" Herd Shorthorns and Berkshires. 

auseon, O., May 27, 1892. 
One of my customers, Mr. Jerry Williams, had some hogs sick 
with cholera; they were down on their backs and would not eat, so he 
had to drench them with Standard Food mixed in swill. Every hog re- 
covered, and Mr. Williams counts that $2.00 worth of Standard Food 
saved $300 worth of hogs. (Signed) Geo. Schletz, 

Dealer in Flour, Feed and Seeds. 

Monroeville, C, July 1, 1892. 
The F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha: 

Gentlemen; — I have used the Standard Horse and Cattle Food, sold 
by R. Zippel, agent, for about two years, and found it to be the best 
thing for stock I have used, and I do not think it can be equalled for 
hogs and horses for fattening purposes and a prevention against 
disease. Yours truly, Anton Erf. 

Franklin Grove, III., Sept. 25, 1891. 
Joseph Graff, Esq.: 

In these days of humbugs, trial is the only evidence of merit. I 
bought of you in May last a box of the Standard Horse and Cattle Food 
and fed it to my poultry, comprising chickens, turkeys and geese, and 
I have never had so fine a growth or such beautiful plumage. No sick- 
ness of any kind has appeared among them, although there are between 
five and six hundred fowls in the lot. An ounce of prevention is better 
than a pound of cure, and I give much credit to the Food. I cannot 
say that it will cure all the diseases which poultry are subject to, be- 
cause I have had none to test it, but I do believe it will prevent disease, 
which is better. 

Let the incredulous come and see my fowls and judge for them- 
selves. Yours truly, 

(Signed.) Samuel Dysart. 

Note — The above is a copy of a letter from Hon. Samuel 
Dysart, ex-President of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture 
and an extensive farmer and practical poultry raiser of Frank- 
lin Grove, Illinois. It was written unsolicited to Mr. Joseph 
Graff, our local agent at that place. 



5peeial Ipfor^atiop Ffegardity'g Standard pood. 

Standard Food is put up with the view of suiting the con- 
venience of all classes of consumers. It is put up in neat, du- 
rable wooden boxes of 7 pounds, 25 oounds. 50 pounds and 100 
pounds each. 

The Food JVIeasatfe. 

Each box contains a tin cup to be used in measuring the 
Food in feeding. It holds when filled full one-tenth of a pound 
of Standard Food, which is an average feed for a thousand 
pound animal. This makes Standard Food cheaper per feed to 
the consumer than any other stock food. 

PRICES. 

7 Pound Boxes $1.00 50 Pound Boxes $6.00 

25 Pound Boxes 3.00 100 Pound Boxes 12.00 

The above are minimum prices for Standard Food in these 
quantities, and govern except where freight rates necessitate a 
proportionate advance. 

LIBERAL DISCOUNTS TO LARGE CONSUMERS. 
COI^HESPOfiDHflCH. 

All inquiries from dealers or consumers will be attended to 
promptly, and the best information at our command cheerfully 
furnished. All correspondence should be addressed to The 
F. E. Sanborn Co., Omaha, Neb. 

OUH GUfllWiTEE. 

We guarantee Standard Horse and Cattle Food, when fed 
according to our directions, to fulfill the following require- 
ments, or money refunded: 

First. To produce sufficient extra flesh on cattle, hogs and sheep 
in excess of what can be secured by the ordinary methods of feeding, to 
realize a profit over and above the cost of the Food. 

Second. To increase the quantity and quality of milk and the gen- 
eral health and condition of cows, over and above what can be secured 
by the ordinary methods of feeding, sufficient to more than pay its cost. 

Third. To prevent cholera and other diseases among hogs when 
used as directed as a preventive. 

Fourth. To prevent and cure all diseases among other farm ani- 
mals as set forth in this book wherever Standard Food has been recom- 
mended specifically. 

Fifth. To prevent and cure all diseases common among poultry. 

Sixth. To expel worms from all farm animals when fed in the 
amounts and for the time specified in our directions. 

Our regular agents and all parties selling Standard Food are 
authorized to give this guarantee, which will be honored by 
this company in any case where it can be fairly shown that the 
results secured are not equal to our representations. 

THE F. E. SANBORN COMPANY, Omaha. 

126 



INDEX 



Abortion in cows 93 

Abortion in mares 72 

Anaemia 103 

Analysis of feeding stuffs— Table of 1 1 

Analysis of Standard Food 2 

Animal body, nature of. 8 

Appetite 20 

Appetite, increase of necessary in milcb 

cows 34 

Appetite, loss of. 56 

Assimilation 32 

Barb wire wounds 80 

Bees, i tings of 81 

Blackleg 104 

Black tongue 1<>4 

Bladder diseases in cattle 102 

Bladder, inflammation of the 70 

Bleeding 40 

Blood, humors of the 47 

Bloody urine 71 

Bots 62 

Bowels, inflammation of 65 

Broken knees 82 

Bronchitis 51—102 

Bruises 80 

Calculi 71 

Calving 95 

Capped elbow 82 

Capped hock 82 

Cattle, care and treatment of. 93 

Cattle plague 107 

Choking 99 

Colds 50 

Colic, flatulent 63 

Colic, spasmodic 6 3 

Condition, improvement of, necessary 

in milch cows 35 

Constipation 57 

Contagious and blood diseases 39 

Contagious, typhus 107 

Contraction of the feet 86 

Corns 87 

Coughs 50 

Cracked heels 75 

Curb 85 

Cuts 79 

Dairy farming, profits in 33 

Debility 58 



Diabetes 70 

Diarrhoea 58 

Diarrhoea in calves 98 

Diarrhoea in cattle 97 

Diet 55 

Digestion 20 

Digestion among animals, difference in.. 17 

Digestion and assimilation increased.... 23 

Digestive organs, diseases of the 55 

Diseases of the blood 39 

Diseases of cattle 93 

Diseases of Ihe digestive organs 55 

Diseases of the generative organs 72 

Diseases of the respiratory organs 49 

Diseases of the skin 75 

Diseases of the urinary organs 68 

Diseases of poultry 117 

Diseases of sheep 114 

Diseases of swine 108 

Directions for feeding Standard Food to 

cattle 29 

Directions lor feeding Standard Food to 

Milch Cows 38 

Directions for feeding Standard Food to 

poultry 118 

Directions for feeding Standard Food to 

sheep 116 

Directions for feeding Standard Food to 

swine 113 

Diseases among swine, causes 109 

Diseases among swine, prevention 110 

Distemper 43 

Does it pay to feed Standard Food? 25 

Drinking water, restrictions of 18 

Dropsy 60 

Epizootic Aphtha 195 

Epizootic Catarrh 41 

Eruptions 78 

Farcy 44 

Feeding example, milch cows 36 

Feeding standards 12 

Feeding Standard for milch cows 31 

Feeding stock to produce flesh 7 

Feed stuffs, digestibility of 17 

Fistula 89 

Fleece, the 115 

Food materials, nature of 9 

Foot diseases 86 



127 



128 



IND EX. 



Founder 92 

Frost bites 75 

Garget 97 

Generative organs, diseases of the 72 

Glanders 45 

Grain sickness 101 

Grease 76 

Guarantee, Our 126 

Guarantee in production of milk 87 

Heaves 52 

Hide bound 58-97 

Hoose in calves 101 

Horses; care and management of 39 

Hoven 100 

Increased market value 27 

Injudicious feeding or exposure, effects 

of 18 

Indigestion 56 

Influenza 41 

Injuries, local, lameness, etc 79 

Introduction 5 

Jaundice 99 

Kidneys, inflammation of the 69 

Lampas 67 

Laxatives 57 

Lice 77 

Life sustaining ration, a 19 

Life sustaining ration, example 24 

Liver, diseases of the 66 

Local injuries, lameness, etc 79 

Lungs, congestion of the 53 

Lung fever 53 

Mange 77 

Milch cows, amount of water required 

for 33 

Milch cows, ration for 32 

Milk fever 96 

Milk, special feeding for 30 

Mud fever 75 

Murrain 105 

Mutton, feeding for 116 

Nasal gleet 52 

Navicular disease 88 

Parturition, difficult 74 

Pink-«ye 42 



Pleurisy 53 

Pleuro-pneumonia 106 

Pneumonia 53 

Poll evil 90 

Poultry, care of. 117 

Preface 3 

Prevention plus profit 112 

Pricks 87 

Proud flesh 81 

Punctures 80 

Quitter 89 

Ration, how to compound a 13 

Red water 103 

Respiratory organs, diseases of. 49 

Rheumatism 46 

Rheumatism, chronic 47 

Rinderpest 107 

Ringbone 82 

Saddle or collar galls 81 

Sand or quarter crack 87 

Scratches 75 

Sheep, management of , 114 

Side bones 85 

Skin, diseases of the 75 

Sore teats 97 

Sore throat 50 

Spavin, blood 84 

Spavin, bone 83 

Splints 85 

Sprains 81 

Stallions, sterility in 74 

Standard food, profit from feeding 28 

Standard food, use of in preventing dis- 
ease 40 

Standard food, value of. 22 

Stone in the bladder 71 

Strangles 43 

Swellings 81 

Sweeny 81 

Texas fever 105 

Thoroughpin 85 

Thrush 88 

Urinary organs, diseases of the 68 

Worms 60 

Wind galls 86 



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